Financial WMD

This page describes the organizational forces that limit change. It explains how to overcome them when necessary.

This page uses an example to illustrate how:

A business can gain focus from targeting key customers,
Business planning activities performed by the whole organization can build awareness, empowerment and coherence.
A program approach can ensure strategic alignment.

This page uses the example of HP's printer organization freeing itself from its organizational constraints to sell a printer targeted at the IBM pc user.
The constraints are described.
The techniques to overcome them are implied.

We are products of complexity, but our evolution has focused our understanding on the situation of hunter gatherers on the African savanna. As humanity has become more powerful we can significantly impact the systems we depend on. But we struggle to comprehend them. So this web frame explores significant real world complex adaptive systems (CAS): Assumptions of randomness & equilibrium allowed the wealthy & powerful to expand the size and leverage of stock markets, by placing at risk the insurance and retirement savings of the working class. The assumptions are wrong but remain entrenched. The US nation was built from two divergent political views of: Jefferson and Hamilton. It also reflects the development of competing ancient ideas of Epicurus and Cyril. But the collapse of Bretton Woods forced Wall Street into a position of power, while the middle and working class were abandoned by the elites. Housing financed with cash from oil and derivative transactions helped hide the shift. Most US health care is still operating the way cars built in the 1940s did. Geisinger is an example of better solution. But transforming the whole network is a challenge. And public health investment has proved far more beneficial. Helping our children learn to be effective adults is part of our humanity, but we have created a robust but deeply flawed education system. Better alternatives have emerged. Spoken language, reading and writing emerged allowing our good ideas to become a second genetic material. The emergence of the global economy in the 1600s and its subsequent development; It explains how the examples relate to each other, why we all have trouble effectively comprehending these systems and explains how our inexperience with CAS can lead to catastrophe. It outlines the items we see as key to the system and why. Example systems frame
Dietrich Dorner argues complex adaptive systems (CAS) are hard to understand and manage. He provides examples of how this feature of these systems can have disastrous consequences for their human managers. Dorner suggests this is due to CAS properties psychological impact on our otherwise successful mental strategic toolkit. To prepare to more effectively manage CAS, Dorner recommends use of: Effective iterative planning and Practice with complex scenario simulations; tools which he reviews. Complexity catastrophes
E. O. Wilson reviews the effect of man on the natural world to date and explains how the two systems can coexist most effectively. Adaptive ecology
Barton Gellman details the strategies used by Vice President Cheney to align the global system with his economics, defense, and energy goals. US vds alignment
Kevin Kruse argues that from 1930 onwards the corporate elite and the Republican party have developed and relentlessly executed strategies to undermine Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. Their successful strategy used the credibility of conservative religious leaders to: Demonstrate religious issues with the New Deal. Integrate the corporate elite and evangelicals. Use the power of corporate advertising and Hollywood to reeducate the American people to view the US as historically religious and the New Deal and liberalism as anti-religious socialism. Focus the message through evangelicals including Vereide and Graham. Centralize the strategy through President Eisenhower. Add religious elements to mainstream American symbols: money, pledge; Push for prayer in public school Push Congress to promote prayer Make elections more about religious positions. Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames them from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Strategy is the art of the possible. But it also depends on persistence. Inventing Christian America
Financial WMD
Matt Taibbi describes the phenotypic alignment of the American justice system. The result he explains relentlessly grinds the poor and undocumented into resources to be constrained, consumed and ejected. Even as it supports and aligns the financial infrastructure into a potent weapon capable of targeting any company or nation to extract profits and leave the victim deflated. Taibbi uses five scenarios to provide a broad picture of the: activities, crimes, policing, prosecutions, court processes, prisons and deportation network. The scenarios are: Undocumented people's neighborhoods, Poor neighborhoods, Welfare recipients, Credit card debtors and Financial institutions. Following our summary of his arguments, RSS comments on them framed by complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. The alignment of the justice system reflects a set of long term strategies and responses to a powerful global arms race that the US leadership intends to win. Aligned justice
Jonathan Powell describes how the government of, the former UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, actually operated. Powell was Blair's only chief of staff. Mechanics of power
H. A. Hayek compares and contrasts collectivism and libertarianism. Libertarianism
John Doerr argues that company leaders and their organizations, hugely benefit from Andy Grove's OKRs. He promotes strategies that help OKR success: Focus, Align, Track, Stretch; replaces yearly performance reviews, and provides illustrative success stories. Doerr stresses Dov Seidman's view that employees are adaptive and will respond to what they see being measured. He asserts culturally supported OKRs/CFR processes will be transformative. Following our summary of his arguments, RSS comments on them framed by complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Doerr's architecture is tailored for the startups KPCB invests in. It is a subset of the general case of schematic plans, genetic operators and Shewhart cycles that drive all CAS. Doerr's approach limits support of learning and deemphasizes the association to planning. Startup PDCA
David Bodanis illustrates how disruptive effects can take hold. While the French revolution had many driving forces including famine and oppression the emergence of a new philosophical vision ensured that thoughtful leaders were constrained and conflicted in their responses to the crisis. Voltaire's disruptive network
An epistatic meme suppressed for a thousand years reemerges during the enlightenment. It was a poem encapsulating the ideas of Epicurus rediscovered by a humanist book hunter. Greenblatt describes the process of suppression and reemergence. He argues that the rediscovery was the foundation of the modern world. Complex adaptive system (CAS) models of the memetic mechanisms are discussed. Constraining happiness
Isaacson uses the historic development of the global cloud of web services to explore Ada Lovelace's ideas about thinking machines and poetic science. He highlights the value of computer augmented human creativity and the need for liberal arts to fulfill the process. Complex adaptive system (CAS) models of agent networks and collaboration are discussed. Arts technology & intelligence
Haikonen juxtaposes the philosophy and psychology of consciousness with engineering practice to refine the debate on the hard problem of consciousness. During the journey he describes the architecture of a robot that highlights the potential and challenges of associative neural networks. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory is then used to illustrate the additional requirements and constraints of self-assembling evolved conscious animals. It will be seen that Haikonen's neural architecture, Smiley's Copycat architecture and molecular biology's intracellular architecture leverage the same associative properties. Associatively integrated robots
Good ideas are successful because they build upon prior developments that have been successfully implemented. Johnson demonstrates that they are phenotypic expressions of memetic plans subject to the laws of complex adaptive systems (CAS). Developing ideas
A government sanctioned monopoly supported the construction of a superorganism American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). Within this Bell Labs was at the center of three networks: The evolving global scientific network. The Bell telephone network. And The military industrial network deploying 'fire and missile control' systems. Bell Labs strategically leveraged each network to create an innovation engine. They monitored the opportunities to leverage the developing ideas, reorganizing to replace incumbent opposition and enable the creation and growth of new ideas. Once the monopoly was dismantled, AT&T disrupted. Complex adaptive system (CAS) models of the innovation mechanisms are discussed. Strategic innovation
Roger Cohen's New York Times opinion about the implications of BREXIT is summarized. His ideas are then framed by complex adaptive system (CAS) theory and reviewed. BREXIT
Scott Galloway argues that Apple, Amazon, Facebook and Google are monopolists that trade workers for technology. Monopolies that he argues should be broken up to ensure the return of a middle class. Following our summary of his arguments, RSS comments on these arguments assuming they relate to a complex adaptive system (CAS). While Scott's issue is highly significant his analysis conflicts with relevant CAS history and theory. Monopoly job killers
The IPO of Netscape is defined as the key emergent event of the New Economy by Michael Mandel. Following the summary of Mandel's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted. New economy
Ed Conway argues that Bretton Woods produced a unique set of rules and infrastructure for supporting the global economy. It was enabled by the experience of Keynes and White during and after the First World War, their dislike of the Gold Standard, the necessity of improving the situation between the wars and the opportunity created by the catastrophe of the Second World War. He describes how it was planned and developed. How it emerged from the summit. And he shows how the opportunity inevitably allowed the US to replace the UK at the center of the global economy. Like all plans there are mistakes and Conway takes us through them and how the US recovered the situation as best it could. And then Conway describes the period after Bretton Woods collapsed. He explains what followed and also compares the relative performance of the various periods before during and after Bretton Woods. Following our summary of his arguments RSS comments from the perspective of Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory. Conway's book illustrates the rule making and infrastructure that together build an evolved amplifier. He shows the strategies at play of agents that were for and against the development and deployment of the system. And The Summit provides a key piece of the history of our global economic CAS. Bretton woods
A key agent in the 1990 - 2008 housing expansion Countrywide is linked into the residential mortgage value delivery system (VDS) by Paul Muolo and Mathew Padilla. But they show the VDS was full of amplifiers and control points. With no one incented to apply the brakes the bubble grew and burst. Following the summary of Muolo and Padilla's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted. Housing amplifiers
Satyajit Das uses an Indonesian company's derivative trades to introduce us to the workings of the international derivatives system. Das describes the components of the value delivery system and the key transactions. He demonstrates how the system interacted with emerging economies expanding them, extracting profits and then moving on as the induced bubbles burst. Following Das's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted. Derivative systems
Johnson & Kwak argue that expanding the national debt provides a hedge against unforeseen future problems, as long as creditors are willing to continue lending. They illustrate different approaches to managing the debt within the US over its history and of the eighteenth century administrations of England and France. The US embodies two different political and economic systems which approach the national debt differently: Taxes to support a sinking fund to ensure credit to leverage fiscal power in: Wars, Pandemics, Trade disputes, Hurricanes, Social programs; Starting with Hamilton, Lincoln & Chase, Wilson, FDR; Low taxes, limited infrastructure, with risk assumed by individuals: Advocated by President's Jefferson & Madison, Reagan, George W. Bush (Gingrich); Johnson & Kwak develop a model of what the US government does. They argue that the conflicting sinking fund and low tax approaches leaves the nation 'stuck in the middle' with a future problem. And they offer their list of 'first principles' to help assess the best approach for moving from 2012 into the future. They conclude the question is still political. They hope it can be resolved with an awareness of their detailed explanations. They ask who is willing to push all the coming risk onto individuals. Following our summary of their arguments RSS frames them from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Historically developing within the global cotton value delivery system, key CAS features are highlighted. National debt
Robert Gordon argues that the inventions of the second industrial revolution were the foundation for American economic growth. Gordon shows how flows of people into difficult rural America built a population base which then took the opportunity to move on to urban settings: Houses, Food in supermarkets, Clothes in department stores; that supported increasing productivity and standard of living. The deployment of nationwide networks: Rail, Road, Utilities; terminating in the urban housing and work places allowing the workers to leverage time saving goods and services, which helped grow the economy. Gordon describes the concomitant transformation of: Communications and advertising Credit and finance Public health and the health care network Health insurance Education Social and welfare services Counter intuitively the constraints introduced before and in the Great Depression and the demands of World War 2 provide the amplifiers that drive the inventions deeply and fully into every aspect of the economy between 1940 and 1970 creating the exceptional growth and standard of living of post war America. Subsequently the rate of growth was limited until the shift of women into the workplace and the full networking of voice and data supported the Internet and World Wide Web completed the third industrial revolution, but the effects were muted by the narrow reach of the technologies. The development of Big Data, Robots, and Artificial Intelligence may support additional growth, but Gordon is unconvinced because of the collapse of the middle class. Following our summary of Gordon's book RSS frames his arguments from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. American growth
Carl Menger argues that the market induced the emergence of money based on the attractive features of precious metals. He compares the potential for government edicts to create money but sees them as lacking. Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames his arguments from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. With two hundred years of additional knowledge we conclude that precious metals are not as attractive as Menger asserts. Government backed promissory notes are analogous to: Other evolved CAS forms of ubiquitous high energy transaction intermediates and Schematic strategies that are proving optimal in supporting survival and replication in the currently accessible niches. Emergence of money
Eric Beinhocker sets out to answer a question Adam Smith developed in the Wealth of Nations: what is wealth? To do this he replaces traditional economic theory, which is based on the assumption that an economy is a system in equilibrium, with complexity economics in which the economy is modeled as a complex adaptive system (CAS). He introduces Sugerscape to illustrate an economic CAS model in action. And then he explains the major features of a CAS economy: Dynamics, Agents, Networks, Emergence, and Evolution. Building on complexity economics Beinhocker reviews how evolution applies to the economy to build wealth. He explains how design spaces map strategies to instances of physical and social technologies. And he identifies the interactors and selection mechanism of economic evolution. This allows Beinhocker to develop a new definition of wealth. In the rest of the book Beinhocker looks at the consequences of adopting complexity economics for business and society: Strategy, Organization, Finance, & Politics & Policy. Following our summary of his arguments, RSS explores his conclusions and aligns Beinhocker's model of CAS with the CAS theory and evidence we leverage. Economic complexity
Sven Beckert describes the historic transformation of the growing, spinning, weaving, manufacture of cotton goods and their trade over time. He describes the rise of a first global commodity, its dependence on increasing: military power, returns for the control points in the value delivery system(VDS), availability of land and labor to work it including slaves. He explains how cotton offered the opportunity for industrialization further amplifying the productive capacity of the VDS and the power of the control points. This VDS was quickly copied. The increased capacity of the industrialized cotton complex adaptive system (CAS) required more labor to operate the machines. Beckert describes the innovative introduction of wages and the ways found to mobilize industrial labor. Beckert describes the characteristics of the industrial cotton CAS which made it flexible enough to become globally interconnected. Slavery made the production system so cost effective that all prior structures collapsed as they interconnected. So when the US civil war blocked access to the major production nodes in the American Deep South the CAS began adapting. Beckert describes the global reconstruction that occurred and the resulting destruction of the traditional ways of life in the global countryside. This colonial expansion further enriched and empowered the 'western' nation states. Beckert explains how other countries responded by copying the colonial strategies and creating the opportunities for future armed conflict among the original colonialists and the new upstarts. Completing the adaptive shifts, Beckert describes the advocates for industrialization in the colonized global south and how over time they joined the global cotton CAS disrupting the early western manufacturing nodes and creating the current global CAS dominated by merchants like Wal-Mart pulling goods through a network of clothing manufacturers, spinning and weaving factories, and growers competing with each other on cost. Following our summary of Beckert's book, RSS comments from the perspective of CAS theory. The transformation of disconnected peasant farmers, pastoral warriors and their lands into a supply chain for a highly profitable industrial CAS required the development over time: of military force, global transportation and communication networks, perception and representation control networks, capital stores and flows, models, rules, standards and markets; along with the support at key points of: barriers, disruption, and infrastructure and evolved amplifiers. The emergent system demonstrates the powerful constraining influence of extended phenotypic alignment. Globalization from cotton
The structure and problems of the US health care network is described in terms of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. The network: Is deeply embedded in the US nation state. It reflects the conflict between two opposing visions for the US: high tax with safety net or low tax without. The emergence of a parasitic elite supported by tax policy, further constrains the choices available to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the network. The US is optimized to sell its citizens dangerous levels of: salt, sugar, cigarettes, guns, light, cell phones, opioids, costly education, global travel, antibacterials, formula, foods including endocrine disrupters; Accepting the US controlled global supply chain's offered goods & services results in: debt, chronic stress, amplified consumption and toxic excess, leading to obesity, addiction, driving instead of walking, microbiome collapse; Globalization connects disparate environments in a network. At the edges, humans are drastically altering the biosphere. That is reducing the proximate natural environment's connectedness, and leaving its end-nodes disconnected and far less diverse. This disconnects predators from their prey, often resulting in local booms and busts that transform the local parasite network and their reservoir and amplifier hosts. The situation is setup so that man is introduced to spillover from the local parasites' hosts. Occasionally, but increasingly, the spillover results in humanity becoming broadly infected. The evolved specialization of the immune system to the proximate environment during development becomes undermined as the environment transforms. Is incented to focus on localized competition generating massive & costly duplication of services within physician based health care operations instead of proven public health strategies. This process drives increasing research & treatment complexity and promotes hope for each new technological breakthrough. Is amplified by the legislatively structured separation and indirection of service development, provision, reimbursement and payment. Is impacted by the different political strategies for managing the increasing cost of health care for the demographic bulge of retirees. Is presented with acute and chronic problems to respond to. As currently setup the network is tuned to handle acute problems. The interactions with patients tend to be transactional. Includes a legislated health insurance infrastructure which is: Costly and inefficient Structured around yearly contracts which undermine long-term health goals and strategies. Is supported by increasingly regulated HCIT which offers to improve data sharing and quality but has entrenched commercial EHR products deep within the hospital systems. Is maintained, and kept in alignment, by massive network effects across the: Hospital platform based sub-networks connecting to Physician networks Health insurance networks - amplified by ACA narrow network legislation Hospital clinical supply and food production networks Medical school and academic research network and NIH Global transportation network Public health networks Health care IT supply network Health care
Deaton describes the wellbeing of people around the world today. He explains the powerful benefit of public health strategies and the effect of growth in material wellbeing but also the corrosive effects of aid. Following our summary of Deaton's arguments RSS comments from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. The situation he describes is complex including powerful amplifiers, alignment and incentives that overlap broadly with other RSS summaries of adaptations of: The biosphere, Politics, Economics, Philosophy and Health care. Improving wellbeing
Donald Barlett and James Steele write about their investigations of the major problems afflicting US health care as of 2006. Problems of US health care
Glenn Steele & David Feinberg review the development of the modern Geisinger healthcare business after its near collapse following the abandoned merger with Penn State AMC. After an overview of the business, they describe how a calamity unfolding around them supported building a vision of a better US health care network. And they explain: How they planned out the transformation, Leveraging an effective governance structure, Using a strategy to gain buy in, Enabling reengineering at the clinician patient interface. Implementing the reengineering for acute, chronic & hot spot care; to help the patients and help the physicians. Geisinger's leverage of biologics. Reengineering healing with ProvenExperience. Where Geisinger is headed next. Following our summary of their arguments RSS comments on them. We frame their ideas with complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. E2E insured quality care
Robert Pearl explains the perspectives of a health care leader and son who know that the current health care network interacts with human behavior to induce a poorly performing system that caused his father's death. But he is confident that these problem perceptions can be changed. Once that occurs he asserts the network will become more integrated, coordinated, collaborative, better led, and empathetic to their patients. The supporting technology infrastructure will be made highly interoperable. All that will reduce medical errors and make care more cost effective. Following our summary of his arguments RSS comments on them. We frame his ideas with complex adaptive system (CAS) theory including synergistic examples of these systems in operation. The health care network is built out of emergent human agents. All agents must model the signals they perceive to represent and respond to them. Pinker explains how this occurs. Sapolsky explains why fear and hierarchy are so significant. He includes details of Josh Green's research on morality and death. Charles Ferguson highlights the pernicious nature of financial incentives. Bad medical models
US healthcare is ripe for disruption. Christensen, Grossman and Hwang argue that technologies are emerging which will support low cost business models that will undermine the current network. Applying complex adaptive system (CAS) theory to these arguments suggests that the current power hierarchy can effectively resist these progressive forces. Disrupting health care
Atul Gawande writes about the opportunity for a thirty per cent improvement in quality in medicine by organizing to deploy as agent based teams using shared schematic plans and distributed signalling or as he puts it the use of checklists. With vivid examples from a variety of situations including construction, air crew support and global health care Gawande illustrates the effects of complexity and how to organize to cope with it. Following the short review RSS additionally relates Gawande's arguments to its models of complex adaptive systems (CAS) positioning his discussion within the network of US health care, contrasting our view of complexity, comparing the forces shaping his various examples and reviewing facets of complex failures. Complexity checklists
Friedman and Martin leverage the lifelong data collected on 1,528 bright individuals selected by Dr. Lewis Terman starting in 1921, to understand what aspects of the subjects' lives significantly affected their longevity. Looking broadly across each subject's: Personality, Education, Parental impacts, Energy levels, Partnering, Careers, Religion, Social networks, Gender, Impact from war and trauma; Friedman and Martin are able to develop a set of model pathways, which each individual could be seen to select and travel along. Some paths led to the traveler having a long life. Others were problematic. The models imply that the US approach to health and wellness should focus more on supporting the development and selection of beneficial pathways. Following our summary of their arguments RSS comments from the perspective of CAS theory. The pathways are most applicable to bright individuals with the resources and support necessary to make and leverage choices they make. Striving to enter and follow a beneficial pathway seems sensible but may be impossible for individuals trapped in a collapsing network, starved of resources. Promoting longevity
Gawande uses his personal experience, analytic skills and lots of stories of innovators to demonstrate better ways of coping with aging and death. He introduces the lack of focus on aging and death in traditional medicine. And goes on to show how technology has amplified this stress point. He illustrates the traditional possibility of the independent self, living fully while aging with the support of the extended family. Central planning responded to the technological and societal changes with poorly designed infrastructure and funding. But Gawande then contrasts the power of bottom up innovations created by experts responding to their own family situations and belief systems. Gawande then explores in depth the challenges that unfold currently as we age and become infirm. He notes that the world is following the US path. As such it will have to understand the dilemma of integrating medical treatment and hospice strategies. He notes that all parties involved need courage to cope. He proposes medicine must aim to assure well being. At that point all doctors will practice palliative care. Complex adaptive system (CAS) models of agency, death, evolution, cooperation and adaptations to new technologies are discussed. Agent death
Sonia Shah reviews the millennia old (500,000 years) malarial arms race between Humanity, Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium. 250 - 500 million people are infected each year with malaria and one million die. Malaria
Peter Medawar writes about key historic events in the evolution of medical science. Medical science events
Using John Holland's theory of adaptation in complex systems Baldwin and Clark propose an evolutionary theory of design. They show how this can limit the interdependencies that generate complexity within systems. They do this through a focus on modularity. Modular designed systems
Lou Gerstner describes the challenges he faced and the strategies he used to successfully restructure the computer company IBM. Compartmented systems
Grady Booch advocates an object oriented approach to computer software design. Object based systems
Bertrand Meyer develops arguments, principles and strategies for creating modular software. He concludes that abstract data types and inheritence make object orientation a superior methodology for software construction. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory suggests agents provide an alternative strategy to the use of objects. Software construction
Tools and the businesses that produce them have evolved dramatically. W Brian Arthur shows how this occurred. Tools
Matt Ridley demonstrates the creative effect of man on the World. He highlights: A list of preconditions resulting in Additional niche capture & more free time Building a network to interconnect memes processes & tools which Enabling inter-generational transfers Innovations that help reduce environmental stress even as they leverage fossil fuels Memetic trading networks
E O. Wilson argues that campfire gatherings on the savanna supported the emergence of human creativity. This resulted in man building cultures and later exploring them, and their creator, through the humanities. Wilson identifies the transformative events, but he notes many of these are presently ignored by the humanities. So he calls for a change of approach. He: Explores creativity: how it emerged from the benefits of becoming an omnivore hunter-gatherer, enabled by language & its catalysis of invention, through stories told in the evening around the campfire. He notes the power of fine art, but suggests music provides the most revealing signature of aesthetic surprise. Looks at the current limitations of the humanities, as they have suffered through years of neglect. Reviews the evolutionary processes of heredity and culture: Ultimate causes viewed through art, & music The bedrock of: Ape senses and emotions, Creative arts, language, dance, song typically studied by humanities, & Exponential change in science and technology. How the breakthrough from our primate past occurred, powered by eating meat, supporting: a bigger brain, expanded memory & language. Accelerating changes now driven by genetic cultural coevolution. The impact on human nature. Considers our emotional attachment to the natural world: hunting, gardens; we are destroying. Reviews our love of metaphor, archetypes, exploration, irony, and considers the potential for a third enlightenment, supported by cooperative action of humanities and science Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames these from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory: The humanities are seen to be a functionalist framework for representing the cultural CAS while Wilson's desire to integrate the humanities and science gains support from viewing the endeavor as a network of layered CAS. Evening campfire rituals
Brynjolfsson and McAfee explore the effects of Moore's law on the economy. They argue it has generated exponential growth. This has been due to innovation. It has created a huge bounty of additional wealth. But the wealth is spread unevenly across society. They look at the short and long term implications of the innovation bounty and spread and the possible future of technology. Following our summary of their arguments RSS comments from the perspective of CAS theory. Brilliant technologies
Salman Khan argues that the evolved global education system is inefficient and organized around constraining and corralling students into accepting dubious ratings that lead to mundane roles. He highlights a radical and already proven alternative which offers effective self-paced deep learning processes supported by technology and freed up attention of teams of teachers. Building on his personal experience of helping overcome the unjustified failing grade of a relative, Khan: Iteratively learns how to teach: Starting with Nadia, Leveraging short videos focused on content, Converging on mastery, With the help of neuroscience, and filling in dependent gaps; resulting in a different approach to the mainstream method. Assesses the broken US education system: Set in its ways, Designed for the 1800s, Inducing holes that are hidden by tests, Tests which ignore creativity. The resulting teaching process is so inefficient it needs to be supplemented with homework. Instead teachers were encouraging their pupils to use his tools at home so they could mentor them while they attended school, an inversion that significantly improves the economics. Enters the real world: Builds a scalable service, Working with a real classroom, Trying stealth learning, At Khan Academy full time, In the curriculum at Los Altos, Supporting life-long learning. Develops The One World Schoolhouse: Back to the future with a one room school, a robust teaching team, and creativity enabled; so with some catalysis even the poorest can become educated and earn credentials for current jobs. Wishes he could also correct: Summer holidays, Transcript based assessments, College education; Concludes it is now possible to provide the infrastructure for creativity to emerge and to support risk taking. Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames them from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Disruption is a powerful force for change but if its force is used to support the current teachers to adopt new processes can it overcome the extended phenotypic alignment and evolutionary amplifiers sustaining the current educational network? Education versus guilds
Amy Chua and Jed Rubenfeld's New York Times opinion based on The Triple Package is summarized. Their ideas are then framed by CAS theory and reviewed. What drives success
Peter Turchin describes how major pre-industrial empires developed due to effects of geographic boundaries constraining the empires and their neighbors' interactions. Turchin shows how the asymmetries of breeding rates and resource growth rates results in dynamic cycles within cycles. After the summary of Turchin's book complex adaptive system (CAS) theory is used to augment Turchins findings. Warrior groups
Through the operation of three different food chains Michael Pollan explores their relative merits. The application of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory highlights the value of evolutionary testing of the food chain. Natural systems
E. O. Wilson & Bert Holldobler illustrate how bundled cooperative strategies can take hold. Various social insects have developed strategies which have allowed them to capture the most valuable available niches. Like humans they invest in specialization and cooperate to subdue larger, well equipped competitors. Insect superorganisms
Computational theory of the mind and evolutionary psychology provide Steven Pinker with a framework on which to develop his psychological arguments about the mind and its relationship to the brain. Humans captured a cognitive niche by natural selection 'building out' specialized aspects of their bodies and brains resulting in a system of mental organs we call the mind. He garnishes and defends the framework with findings from psychology regarding: The visual system - an example of natural selections solutions to the sensory challenges of inverse modeling of our environment; Intensions - where he highlights the challenges of hunter-gatherers - making sense of the objects they perceive and predicting what they imply and natural selections powerful solutions; Emotions - which Pinker argues are essential to human prioritizing and decision making; Relationships - natural selection's strategies for coping with the most dangerous competitors, other people. He helps us understand marriage, friendships and war. These conclusions allow him to understand the development and maintenance of higher callings: Art, Music, Literature, Humor, Religion, & Philosophy; and develop a position on the meaning of life. Complex adaptive system (CAS) modeling allows RSS to frame Pinker's arguments within humanity's current situation, induced by powerful evolved amplifiers: Globalization, Cliodynamics, The green revolution and resource bottlenecks; melding his powerful predictions of the drivers of human behavior with system wide constraints. The implications are discussed. Computationally adapted mind
The stages of development of the human female, including how her brain changes and the impacts of this on her 'reality' across a full life span: conception, infantile puberty, girlhood, juvenile pause, adolescence, dating years, motherhood, post-menopause; are described. Brizendine notes the significant difference in how emotions are processed by women compared to men. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory associates the stages with the evolutionary under-pinning, psychological implications and behavioral CAS. Evolved female brain
The complexity of behavior is explored through Sapolsky developing scenarios of our best and worst behaviors across time spans, and scientific subjects including: anthropology, psychology, neuroscience, sociology. The rich network of adaptive flows he outlines provides insights and highlight challenges for scientific research on behavior. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory builds on Sapolsky's details highlighting the strategies that evolution has captured to successfully enter niches we now occupy. CAS behavior
Carlo Rovelli resolves the paradox of time. Rovelli initially explains that low level physics does not include time: A present that is common throughout the universe does not exist Events are only partially ordered. The present is localized The difference between past and future is not foundational. It occurs because of state that through our blurring appears particular to us Time passes at different speeds dependent on where we are and how fast we travel Time's rhythms are due to the gravitational field Our quantized physics shows neither space nor time, just processes transforming physical variables. Fundamentally there is no time. The basic equations evolve together with events, not things Then he explains how in a physical world without time its perception can emerge: Our familiar time emerges Our interaction with the world is partial, blurred, quantum indeterminate The ignorance determines the existence of thermal time and entropy that quantifies our uncertainty Directionality of time is real but perspectival. The entropy of the world in relation to us increases with our thermal time. The growth of entropy distinguishes past from future: resulting in traces and memories Each human is a unified being because: we reflect the world, we formed an image of a unified entity by interacting with our kind, and because of the perspective of memory The variable time: is one of the variables of the gravitational field. With our scale we don't register quantum fluctuations, making space-time appear determined. At our speed we don't perceive differences in time of different clocks, so we experience a single time: universal, uniform, ordered; which is helpful to our decisions Emergence of time
Consciousness has confounded philosophers and scientists for centuries. Now it is finally being characterized scientifically. That required a transformation of approach. Realizing that consciousness was ill-defined neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene and others characterized and focused on conscious access. In the book he outlines the limitations of previous psychological dogma. Instead his use of subjective assessments opened the window to contrast totally unconscious brain activity with those including consciousness. He describes the research methods. He explains the contribution of new sensors and probes that allowed the psychological findings to be correlated, and causally related to specific neural activity. He describes the theory of the brain he uses, the 'global neuronal workspace' to position all the experimental details into a whole. He reviews how both theory and practice support diagnosis and treatment of real world mental illnesses. The implications of Dehaene's findings for subsequent consciousness research are outlined. Complex adaptive system (CAS) models of the brain's development and operation introduce constraints which are discussed. Conscious access
Reading and writing present a conundrum. The reader's brain contains neural networks tuned to reading. With imaging a written word can be followed as it progresses from the retina through a functional chain that asks: Are these letters? What do they look like? Are they a word? What does it sound like? How is it pronounced? What does it mean? Dehaene explains the importance of education in tuning the brain's networks for reading as well as good strategies for teaching reading and countering dyslexia. But he notes the reading networks developed far too recently to have directly evolved. And Dehaene asks why humans are unique in developing reading and culture. He explains the cultural engineering that shaped writing to human vision and the exaptations and neuronal structures that enable and constrain reading and culture. Dehaene's arguments show how cellular, whole animal and cultural complex adaptive system (CAS) are related. We review his explanations in CAS terms and use his insights to link cultural CAS that emerged based on reading and writing with other levels of CAS from which they emerge. Evolved reading
Read Montague explores how brains make decisions. In particular he explains how: Evolution can create indirect abstract models, such as the dopamine system, that allow Life changing real-time decisions to be made, and how Schematic structures provide encodings of computable control structures which operate through and on incomputable, schematically encoded, physically active structures and operationally associated production functions. Receptor indirection
Daniel Goleman and Richard Davidson describe a scientific investigation of meditation's impact on the brain. They introduce the book by describing their experiences with meditation, science and the research establishment, their friendship, how meditation is now used in two distinct ways: deep - leading to altered traits & wide - that can reach the multitudes; which the book reviews as it critiques the claims and research used to back them up. Goleman and Davidson describe meeting as Harvard psychology graduate students, interested in consciousness, and how minds work. They rebel against the behavioral orthodoxy, visit Asia and discover the Eastern tradition of exploring and altering the mind. Goleman had travelled to Sri Lanka to understand an Asian model of the mind, which he presented to the undergraduates at Harvard. Goleman and Davidson developed it into a shared vision of consciousness. It took over twenty years for scientific theory and experimental data to catch up and align with this model. Much of the prior experimental data had to be abandoned. They introduce meditation's impact on the amygdala responding to pain and stress. They look at the changes in: Stress Compassion Attention Self-awareness; and the potential for use of mediation in psychiatry. And they warn of the occurrence of dark nights. They detail how scientists were able to study the brains of Tibetan meditation masters, starting with Mingyur Rinpoche, and detect meditation altering traits. Finally they discuss the potential benefits of meditation and strategies to distribute it broadly to a busy America. Meditating neurons
Tara Brach was worried from a young age that there was something terribly wrong with her: she like many others felt unworthy. She responded by developing Radical Acceptance. Brach then explains the steps in applying it: pause, greet what happens next with unconditional friendliness; allowing us to: Initially attend to the sensations of our body, Accept the wanting self and discover its source of boundless love. Welcome fear with a widening attention, accept the pain of death and become free. Use adversity as a gateway to limitless compassion for ourselves and others. Focus on our basic goodness to counter Western culture turning anger, at being betrayed, towards ourselves. Extend observing this goodness in everyone. This enables the use of loving-kindness. Leverage friendships to understand more about our shared nature and strengthen Radical Acceptance. Realize our Buddha nature. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory describes the emergence of the dualistic self and the tree of life linked by the genetic code and machinery. It provides an analog of the Buddhist presence. Compassionate CAS
The influence of childhood on behavior is significant. Enneagrams define personality types: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger and Peacemaker; based on the impact of childhood driven wounds. The Enneagram becomes a tool to enable interested people to transform from the emotionally wounded base, hidden within the armor of the type, to the liberated underlying essence. Childhood leaves each of us with some environmentally specific Basic Fear. In response each of us adopts an induced Basic Desire of the type. But as we develop the inner observer, it will support presence and undermine the identification that supports the armor of the type. The Enneagram reveals three sets of relations about our type armor: Triadic self revealing: Instinctive, feeling, thinking; childhood needs that became significant wounds Social style groupings: Assertive, compliant, withdrawn; strategies for managing inner conflict Coping styles: Positive outlook, competency, reactive; strategies for defending childhood wounds Riso and Hudson augment the Enneagram with instinctual distortions reflected in the interests of the variants. The Enneagram also offers tools for understanding a person's level of development: unhealthy, average, healthy, liberation; including their current center of gravity, steriotypical social role, wake-up call, leaden rule, red flag, and direction of integration and disintegration. Complex adaptive system (CAS) theory associates the models presented by the Enneagram with evolved behaviors and structures in the mind: feelings, emotions, social behaviors, ideas; driven by genetic and cultural evolution and the constraints of family and social life. Emergent evolved amplifers can be constrained by Riso and Hudson's awareness strategies. Enneagram strategies
Antonio Damasio argues that ancient & fundamental homeostatic processes, built into behaviors and updated by evolution have resulted in the emergence of nervous systems and feelings. These feelings, representing the state of the viscera, and represented with general systems supporting enteric operation, are later ubiquitously integrated into the 'images' built by the minds of higher animals including humans. Damasio highlights the separate development of the body frame in the building of minds. Damasio explains that this integration of feelings by minds supports the development of subjectivity and consciousness. His chain of emergence suggests the 'order of things.' He stresses the end-to-end integration of the organism which undermines dualism. And he reviews Chalmers hard problem of consciousness. Damasio reviews the emergence of cultures and sees feelings, integrated with reason, as the judges of the cultural creative process, linking culture to homeostasis. He sees cultures as supporting the development of tools to improve our lives. But the results of the creative process have added stresses to our lives. Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames his arguments from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Each of the [super]organisms discussed is a CAS reflecting the theory of such systems: Damasio's proposals about homeostasis routed signalling, aligns well with CAS theory. Damasio's ideas on cultural stresses are elaborated by CAS examples. Emergence of feelings
Robert Coram highlights the noble life of John Boyd. John spent a lot of time alone during his childhood. He: excelled at swimming and was a lifeguard, enlisted in the Army Air Corp while at school which rejected him for pilot training, was part of the Japan occupation force where he swam; so the US paid for him to attend University of Iowa, where he: joined the Air Force Officers' training corps, was accepted to be an Air Force pilot, and got engaged to Mary Bruce. Boyd trained at Nellis AFB to become a combat ready pilot in the Korean War. While the US Air Force focused on Strategic bombing, Boyd loved dogfights. His exceptional tactical ability was rewarded with becoming an instructor. Boyd created new ways to think about dogfighting and beat all-comers by using them in the F-100. He was noticed and enabled by Spradling. As he trained, and defeated the top pilots from around the US and allied base network, his reputation spread. But he needed to get nearer to the hot spring in Georgia, and when his move to Tyndall AFB was blocked he used the AFIT to train in engineering at Georgia tech. While preparing to move he documented his FWS training and mentored Ronald Catton. While there he first realized the link between energy and maneuverability. At Eglin, in partnership with Tom Christie, he developed tools to model the link. They developed comparisons of US and Soviet aircraft which showed the US aircraft performing poorly. Eventually General Sweeney was briefed on the theory and issues with the F-105, F-4, and F-111. Sent to the Pentagon to help save the F-X budget, Boyd joined forces with Pierre Sprey to pressure procurement into designing and building tactically exceptional aircraft: a CAS tank killer and a lightweight maneuverable fighter. The navy aligned with Senators of states with navy bases, prepared to sink the F-X and force the F-14 on the Air Force. Boyd saved the plane from the Navy and the budget from Congress, ensuring the Air Force executive and its career focused hierarchy had the freedom to compromise on a budget expanding over-stuffed F-X (F-15). Boyd requested to retire, in disgust. Amid mounting hostility from the organizational hierarchy Boyd and Sprey secretly developed specifications for building prototype lightweight fighters with General Dynamics: YF-16; and Northrop: YF-17; and enabled by Everest Riccioni. David Packard announced a budget of $200 million for the services to spend on prototypes. Pierre Sprey's friend Lyle Cameron picked a short takeoff and landing transport aircraft and Boyd's lightweight fighter to prototype. Boyd was transferred to Thailand as Vice Commander of Task Force Alpha, inspector general and equal opportunity training officer; roles in which he excelled. And he started working on his analysis of creativity: Destruction and Creation. But on completion of the tour Boyd was apparently abandoned and sent to run a dead end office at the Pentagon. The power hierarchy moved to protect the F-15, but: Boyd, Christie, Schlesinger, and the Air Force chief of staff; kept the lightweight fighter budgeted and aligned with Boyd's requirements in a covert campaign. The Air Force threw a phalanx of developers at the F-16, distorting Boyd's concept. He accepted he had lost the fight and retired from the Air Force. Shifting to scholarship Boyd reflects on how rigidity must be destroyed to enable creative new assemblies. He uses the idea to explain the operational success of the YF16 and F-86 fighters, and then highlights how the pilot can take advantage of their infrastructure advantage with rapid decision making he explains with the O-O-D-A Loop. Boyd encouraged Chuck Spinney to expose the systemic cost overruns of the military procurement process. The military hierarchy moved to undermine the Spinney Report and understand the nature of the reformers. Boyd acted as a progressive mentor to Michael Wyly, who taught the Marine Corps about maneuver warfare, and Jim Burton. Finally, after the military hierarchy appears to have beaten him, Boyd's ideas are tested during the First Gulf War. Following our summary of his main points, RSS frames the details from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Boyd was Darwinesque, placing the art of air-to-air combat within a CAS framework. Air warrior
Alfred Nemeczek reveals the chaotic, stressful life of Vincent van Gogh in Arles. Nemeczek shows that Vincent was driven to create, and successfully invented new methods of representing feeling in paintings, and especially portraits. Vincent worked hard to allow artists like him-self to innovate. But Vincent failed in this goal, collapsing into psychosis. Nemeczek also provides a brief history of Vincent's life. Following our summary of his main points, RSS frames the details from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Vincent creates
Reginald Dwight, better known as Elton John, writes a hilarious memoir, full of anecdotal and sometimes morbid humor and gossip, which describes his immediate family, upbringing, development as a singer songwriter, stardom and its support for his problems, collapse and eventual recovery. Elton stresses the serendipitous nature of his emergence as a musician. He describes the contributions of his parents, Stanley & Sheila, mother's sister, and her mother Ivy; who formed his early childhood proximate environment which prepared him for a job in entertainment: he developed his performance in the club circuits, setup a commercial partnership with Bernie Taupin to write songs; entering a network based around Dick James Music. And he almost got married. DJM focused Elton and Bernie's initial song writing while they studied the songs they admired and Elton did session work, tightening his performance skills and paying for the food. A first album supported touring and the formation of a band. A second one sent them to the US where Elton became an overnight sensation. And during this period of time Elton's testosterone level ramped. Life changed dramatically. Stardom provided many rewards but there were still life's problems to deal with. Elton was befriended by his idol, John Lennon; he achieved new heights of success but, sensitive to any hint of failure and fraud, suicidally disassociated. His career crested, he struggled with loneliness and drugs, and foresaw a fearful vision of his future, as fame caged him idly in hotels between concerts. His hair abandoned him. But he was saved by the challenge of transforming the collapsed Watford football club. He retired from touring which allowed him the time to reconstruct his life. Empowered by success, supported by the removal of constraints, Elton dominates - limiting feedback, doing whatever he hopes will bring him happiness: trying new options, expanding the range and increasing the quantity of mind altering substances; eventually hitting John Reid and marrying Renata. He allows his drug use to enter the recording studio. Problems stress him. He is frightened by a cancer scare, AIDS, inspired by Ryan White, angered by the Sun, and saddened at breaking Renata's heart. But he was there for Ryan White's final days. And his lover Hugh Williams confronted Elton about his string of addictions. Elton finally agreed he had a problem. He went to rehab, stopped hating himself, gave up his current addictions, accepted the influence of a higher force, and began admiring the everyday world and other people. It seemed the higher force was supporting Elton's progress: he wrote the music for the Lion King, met David Furnish who accepted Elton warts and all; they both enjoyed a friendship with Gianni Versace; until Gianni was murdered. Princess Diana died soon after, and Elton performed at the funeral. He toured with Billy Joel and aimed to do the same with Tina Turner. While his new records sold well he found himself in debt and terminated the management relationship with John Reid Enterprises. Elton and Bernie improved their situations: Elton started writing film scores, he helped turn the film Billy Elliot into a musical, Bernie lobbied Elton to improve the way they were making records, Elton and David entered into a civil partnership, and Elton made a record with his seminal influence: Leon Russell. Elton and David became parents of two boys: Zachary and Elijah; using their sperm a surrogate mother and network in California. They quietly get married when the UK allows. Elton's mum remains difficult and cruel to him, but he is sad when she dies, and many at the funeral recall her fun side with him. Being parents increases the long-term stresses on their lives, forcing them to adjust, so they can be there for their boys. But Elton needs to go out with a bang! And everyone helps. Following our summary of his main points, RSS frames the details of the creative process from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. My song
Richard Feynman outlines a series of amusing vignettes, as he reviews his life story. Richard's personality encouraged him to patiently seek out fun: performing Shewhart cycles with electricity, in his childhood laboratory, and aligning theory, and practice through building and fixing radios. Leonardo's life inspired him to try innovation, which he concluded was hard. He played with the emotion in communications, a skill which he used later at Caltech. And he made a game of avoiding following orders at MIT. Working during the holidays revealed the benefit of joining theory and practice. Feynman enrolled as a graduate student at Princeton, where the successful approach to science was just like his. His approach was based on patience and fun: he used his home lab and other tools for qualitative exploration. Overtime he added experimental techniques. He would test the assertions in articles with amusing investigations; with his mind aligned by feelings of joy. Everyone at Princeton heard he would want to be hypnotized. He was driven to compare the challenges of complex subjects being taught at Princeton to his current pick. In his summer recess he explored biology. Gathering problems in challenging areas of science, and then picking one to solve, supported his creativity. And his practical orientation and situation when growing up in Far Rockaway, supported his desire for choices and adolescent dislike for purely intellectual and cultural pursuits. Being mostly self-taught, he developed different approaches to problems than the standard strategies provided by mass education. Richard saw his skill set as very different to that exhibited by his father. But are they very different? While Richard was at Princeton, America became concerned about the implications of the European war. After a friend enlisted he decided to dedicate his summer holiday to helping the war effort. Feynman got involved in the Manhattan Project, and went to Los Alamos where he experienced constraints, applied by: the military, the physics of the project, him on Niels Bohr; but was freed from them by Von Neumann. The records & reports of the project were kept in filing cabinets. Richard explored the weaknesses of the locks and safes deployed to secure these secrets. Just after the war he was called up by the draft board for a medical but was rejected for being mentally unfit. After the war, Richard was asked to become a professor at Cornell. He initially struggled in this role: Too young to match expectations, stressed by the demands of his new job and his recent experiences; until he adopted an approach that focused on fun. He enjoyed knowing about numbers: using, learning about them and the tools to use them, and competing with others; to calculate, interpolate and approximate a value the fastest. Traveling to Buffalo in a light plane once a week to give a physics lecture before flying back the next morning wasn't much fun for Richard. So he used the stipend to visit a bar after each lecture to meet beautiful women. Richard liked bars and nightclubs, spending a summer in Albuquerque frequenting one, and later ones in Las Vegas, as he explored how to get the girls he drank with to sleep with him. Richard reflects on various times when he made government officials obey their parts of contracts: patent fees, limits on red tape; Richard became frustrated with his life at Cornell, seeing more things that interested him on the sunny west coast at Caltech. Both institutions, and Chicago, offered him incentives to help his decision making, but Richard began to find reevaluating the alternatives a waste of time and he saw risks in a really high salary, deciding he would move to Caltech and stay there. Richard is invited to attend a scientific symposium in Japan. Each of the US attendees is asked to learn a little Japanese. Richard takes lessons, persists, can converse effectively, but stops when he finds the cultural parts of the language conflict with his individualism. Richard was unhappy with his achievements in physics. He felt: slower than his peers, not keeping up or understanding the latest details, fearful that he could not cope; as the community worked to understand the laws of beta decay. But Martin Block pushed him to question the troubling parity premise. Encouraged by Oppenheimer the community focused on parity and failures were discovered in a cascade of reports. Richard attended a meeting where Lee & Yang discussed a failure and a theory to explain it. Richard felt terrified and could not understand what they said. His sister pushed him to change his attitude: act like a student having fun, read every line and equation of their paper; he would understand it. And he did, as well as developing additional insights about what was happening and what still seemed conflicted. He reported his ideas back to the community. After Richard returned from Brazil he reviewed the confusion of facts with Caltech's experimental physicists who made him aware of Gell-mann abandoning another former premise of Beta decay. Feynman realized his ideas were consistent: fully and simply describing the details of beta decay. He had identified the workings of a fundamental law. Years later he was awarded the Nobel prize for physics. He was conflicted about the prize and attending the ceremony, but eventually enjoyed the trip, where he discussed cultural achievement with the Japanese ambassador. Richard was interested in the operation of the brain, modeling it on a digital computer. He explored hallucinations and the reality of experiences. Richard lobbies for integrity in science. In aspects of his life that weren't focused directly on science, Richard was quirky. He would tease those who asked for his help: pushing bargains to their logical conclusion; insisting on everyone keeping to their part of the agreement. And he paid no attention to the logistical details of planning. He loved percussion, playing: drums, bongos, baskets, tables, Frigideira; and became quite a success. He eventually discovered art could be fun, and tried to express his joy at the underlying mathematical beauty of the physical world. He had a great art teacher. But he discovered although he could eventually draw well he did not understand art. Many of the artists he met were fakers, and even the powerful, who were interested in integrating art and science, did not understand either subject. He found the situation was similar in other complex adaptive systems: philosophy, religion and economics; which he dabbled in for a while but found the strategies of other people practicing the study of such subjects made him angry and disturbed, so he avoided participating in them. It seemed ironic that he was eventually asked to help in bringing culture to the physicists! He discusses issues in teaching creative physics in Brazil. He gets involved in the California public school text book selection process which he concluded was totally broken, but also reveals how his father provided him with a vision of how our world works, inspiring his interest in experimentation and physical theory. Following our summary of his main points, RSS reviews how his personality, family and cultural history supported his creative development from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Richard draws
Desmond & Moore paint a picture of Charles Darwin's life, expanded from his own highlights: His naughty childhood, Wasted schooldays, Apprenticeship with Grant, His extramural activities at Cambridge, walks with Henslow, life with FitzRoy on the Beagle, His growing love for science, London: geology, journal and Lyell. Moving from Gower Street to Down and writing Origin and other books. He reviewed his position on religion: the long dispute with Emma, his slow collapse of belief - damnation for unbelievers like his father and brother, inward conviction being evolved and unreliable, regretting he had ignored his father's advice; while describing Emma's side of the argument. He felt happy with his decision to dedicate his life to science. He closed by asserting after Self & Cross-fertilization his strength will be exhausted. Following our summary of their main points, RSS frames the details from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Darwin placed evolution within a CAS framework, and built a network of supporters whose complementary skills helped drive the innovation. Darwin emerges
Richard Dawkin's explores how nature has created implementations of designs, without any need for planning or design, through the accumulation of small advantageous changes. Accumulating small changes
Russ Abbott explores the impact on science of epiphenomena and the emergence of agents. Autonomous emergence
Terrence Deacon explores how constraints on dynamic flows can induce emergent phenomena which can do real work. He shows how these phenomena are sustained. The mechanism enables the development of Darwinian competition. Constraint based phenomena

Primary Navigation

In this page we:

Introduce some current problems of complexity for humanity
Explain how to use the site.

There are two main starting points:

The example systems frame and
The presentation frame.
And then there is how we use the site.

The site uses lots of click through. That's so that you can see the underlying principles that are contributing to the system being discussed. We hope that as you internalize and reflect on the principles the system should appear in a new light. At this site clicking is good!

Opportunities

This page introduces the complex adaptive system (CAS) theory frame. The theory provides an organizing framework that is used by 'life.' It can be used to evaluate and rank models that claim to describe our perceived reality. It catalogs the laws and strategies which underpin the operation of systems that are based on the interaction of emergent agents. It highlights the constraints that shape CAS and so predicts their form. A proposal that does not conform is wrong.

John Holland's framework for representing complexity is outlined. Links to other key aspects of CAS theory discussed at the site are presented.

Theory

We are products of complexity, but our evolution has focused our understanding on the situation of hunter gatherers on the African savanna. As humanity has become more powerful we can significantly impact the systems we depend on. But we struggle to comprehend them. So this web frame explores significant real world complex adaptive systems (CAS):

Assumptions of randomness & equilibrium allowed the wealthy & powerful to expand the size and leverage of stock markets, by placing at risk the insurance and retirement savings of the working class. The assumptions are wrong but remain entrenched.
The US nation was built from two divergent political views of: Jefferson and Hamilton. It also reflects the development of competing ancient ideas of Epicurus and Cyril. But the collapse of Bretton Woods forced Wall Street into a position of power, while the middle and working class were abandoned by the elites. Housing financed with cash from oil and derivative transactions helped hide the shift.
Most US health care is still operating the way cars built in the 1940s did. Geisinger is an example of better solution. But transforming the whole network is a challenge. And public health investment has proved far more beneficial.
Helping our children learn to be effective adults is part of our humanity, but we have created a robust but deeply flawed education system. Better alternatives have emerged.
Spoken language, reading and writing emerged allowing our good ideas to become a second genetic material.
The emergence of the global economy in the 1600s and its subsequent development;

It explains how the examples relate to each other, why we all have trouble effectively comprehending these systems and explains how our inexperience with CAS can lead to catastrophe. It outlines the items we see as key to the system and why.

Examples

This page presents a search result list covering each linked region of rob's strategy studio.

Search

Rob's Strategy Studio aims to celebrate and illuminate complex adaptive systems (CAS) just as an art studio does art.

By way of introduction it notes the complex interactions that led to the partnership that discovered the DNA double helix and genetic code.

The page introduces the RSS vision 'I act, therefore I think' approach and the RSS mission.

It describes how many key aspects of the world are CAS including businesses.

Finally the page explains each of the framed pictures displayed at the studio including the other aspects explored in this vision frame.

Vision

This page introduces the programs that the Adaptive Web Framework (AWF) develops and uses to deploy Rob's Strategy Studio (RSS).
The programs are structured to obey complex adaptive system (CAS) principles. That allows AWF to experiment and examine the effects.
A production program generates the web pages.
A testing system tests the production program. It uses a framework to support the test programs. This is AWF's agent programming framework as described in the agent-based programming presentation.
An example of the other AWF agent-based programs that are also described in the frame is the virtual robot.
Finally a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats assessment is presented.

Perl

This page introduces a series of asymmetries which encourage different strategic approaches.
The differences found in business, sexual selection, gamete structure, as well as in chess encourage escalations in the interactions.
And yet the systems including these asymmetries can be quite stable.

Asymmetries

This web frame includes a set of presentations about complex adaptive systems (CAS)

Presentations

Financial WMDs

Summary

Charles Ferguson argues that the US power structure has become highly corrupt.

Ferguson identifies key events which contributed to the transformation:

Junk bonds,
Derivative deregulation,
CMOs, ABS and analyst fraud,
Financial network deregulation,
Financial network consolidation,
Short term incentives

Subsequently the George W. Bush administration used the situation to build a global bubble, which Wall Street leveraged. The bursting of the bubble: managed by the Bush Administration and Bernanke Federal Reserve of 1913 was a response to a series of banking panics with the goal of responding effectively to stresses. It setup:

At least 8 and not more than 12 private regional Federal Reserve banks. Twelve were setup
Federal Reserve Board with seven members to govern the system. The President appointed the seven, which must be confirmed by Congress. In 1935 the Board was renamed and restructured.
Federal Advisory Committee with twelve members
Single US currency - the Federal Reserve Note.

; was advantageous to some.

Ferguson concludes that the restructured and deregulated financial services industry is damaging to the American economy. And it is supported by powerful, incentive aligned academics. He sees the result being a rigged system.

Ferguson offers his proposals for change and offers hope that a charismatic young FDR is President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He is notable for his contributions to the US CAS:

New Deal strategies including:

SSA
FFDCA
IRC

Lend-lease which pushed the US and Japan into World War 2 and helped the US to become the world's predominant military power.
Bretton Woods's agreement which economically constrained any politically driven collapse of the world economy after the war and helped the US to become the world's predominant economic power.

will appear.

Following our summary of his arguments, RSS is Rob's Strategy Studio comments on them framed by complex adaptive system (

CAS) theory. Once the constraints are removed from CAS amplifiers, it becomes advantageous to leverage the increased

Flows of different kinds are essential to the operation of complex adaptive systems (CAS).
Example flows are outlined. Constraints on flows support the emergence of the systems. Examples of constraints are discussed.

flows. And it is often relatively damaging not to participate. Corruption and parasitism is a long term relationship between the parasite and its host where the resources of the host are utilized by the parasite without reciprocity. Often parasites include schematic adaptations allowing the parasite to use the hosts modeling and control systems to divert resources to them or improve their chance of reproduction: Toxoplasma gondii. can become entrenched.

Predator Nation

In Charles Ferguson's book 'Predator Nation' he describes the

This page reviews the inhibiting effect of the value delivery system on the expression of new phenotypic effects within an agent.

extended phenotypic alignment around corporate America's 80 yearlong strategies to undermine Franklin Roosevelt's (FDR is President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He is notable for his contributions to the US CAS:

New Deal strategies including:

SSA
FFDCA
IRC

Lend-lease which pushed the US and Japan into World War 2 and helped the US to become the world's predominant military power.
Bretton Woods's agreement which economically constrained any politically driven collapse of the world economy after the war and helped the US to become the world's predominant economic power.

) New Deal was FDR's political platform to help the poor, support the economy and reform the banking system. The architects included Henry Morgenthau, Harry Hopkins, and Frances Perkins, who leveraged Al Smith's social welfare reform program plan. The New Deal:

Included liberal legislation: Emergency Banking Relief Act, Banking Act, SSA, Securities Act, Securities Exchange Act, National Housing Act, NIRA, National Labor Relations Act, FLSA, RTAA, Wealth Tax Act;
Used Presidential executive orders,
Enhanced the role of federal government in promoting economic growth with programs supporting:

Reformed trade policy with the RTAA.
Blocked deflation by limiting economic competition with the NRA.
Rural standard of living through electrification with the REA and TVA.
Reduced unemployment with the WPA and CCC.
Made taxation progressive through the Wealth Tax Act, capturing private wealth and allowing income to flow to the emergent middle class.

.
It eventually reached from the Republican Party through the global financial network & into Democratic administrations.

Opening Pandora's Box: The era of deregulation, 1980-2000

From 1972 to 1982 America experienced major setbacks:

The fall of South Vietnam in 1975
Watergate hearings and resignation of President Nixon in 1974
The Yom Kippur War in 1973, OPECs first oil embargo causing a recession in the US.
Destabilization of Iran, the fall of the Shah in 1979 and an Islamic revolution
OPEC tripling oil prices in 1979, leading to stagflation in the US.
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979

In this period the US is the United States of America. financial network was archaic. The network was separated into parts in the 1930s, by Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
, to constrain the

This page reviews the strategy of setting up an arms race. At its core this strategy depends on being able to alter, or take advantage of an alteration in, the genome or equivalent. The situation is illustrated with examples from biology, high tech and politics.

infrastructure

flows that enabled the great depression. The parts included:

Commercial banking which was a restrained business paying regular, unexceptional salaries:

New York and Chicago money center banks
Regional and local banks

Residential mortgage

Fannie Mae - which in this period could use its low cost finance to purchase prime rate mortgages.
S&L is savings and loan association. These S&Ls were deregulated by the 1982 Garn-St. Germain act.
s

Mutual funds regulated by the Investment Company Act was developed by Congress and signed into law in 1940 to regulate new investments, such as mutual funds which gave the general public more ability to indirectly purchase securities. Hedge funds are not regulated by the act. The act required public disclosure of the financial health of these investment companies. The act was updated by provisions of Dodd-Frank.
. These are the 'buy' side of securities trading.
Securities industry regulated by the
Securities Act
of 1933 was passed in the aftermath of the Great Depression, to regulate the offer and sale of securities within the US, so as to prohibit fraud and provide investors with significant information about securities being offered for public sale. The act included:
- Commission (SEC) to manage the act including registration of most securities.
and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 was passed in the aftermath of the Great Depression, to regulate securities exchanges and the over-the-counter markets that perform secondary trades of securities. It provided the SEC with broad powers over all aspects of the securities industry.
separated into:

Retail brokers - the retail 'sell' side
Investment banks - the whole sale 'sell' side, which were organized as partnerships which pooled the money each partner provided. The partners were required to keep their investments and fees in the firm for decades. This structure limited the amount of capital is the sum total nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market according to Piketty. Capital includes: real property, financial capital and professional capital. It is not immutable instead depending on the state of the society within which it exists. It can be owned by governments (public capital) and private individuals (private capital). and risk, is an assessment of the likelihood of an independent problem occurring. It can be assigned an accurate probability since it is independent of other variables in the system. As such it is different from uncertainty.
that the banks would take.

And Ferguson identified fundamental economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
shifts occurring at this

Carlo Rovelli resolves the paradox of time.
Rovelli initially explains that low level physics does not include time:

A present that is common throughout the universe does not exist
Events are only partially ordered. The present is localized
The difference between past and future is not foundational. It occurs because of state that through our blurring appears particular to us
Time passes at different speeds dependent on where we are and how fast we travel
Time's rhythms are due to the gravitational field
Our quantized physics shows neither space nor time, just processes transforming physical variables.
Fundamentally there is no time. The basic equations evolve together with events, not things

Then he explains how in a physical world without time its perception can emerge:

Our familiar time emerges

Our interaction with the world is partial, blurred, quantum indeterminate
The ignorance determines the existence of thermal time and entropy that quantifies our uncertainty
Directionality of time is real but perspectival. The entropy of the world in relation to us increases with our thermal time. The growth of entropy distinguishes past from future: resulting in traces and memories
Each human is a unified being because: we reflect the world, we formed an image of a unified entity by interacting with our kind, and because of the perspective of memory
The variable time: is one of the variables of the gravitational field. With our scale we don't register quantum fluctuations, making space-time appear determined. At our speed we don't perceive differences in time of different clocks, so we experience a single time: universal, uniform, ordered; which is helpful to our decisions

time:

Asian competition based on
This presentation reviews just-in-time manufacturing with analysis based on complex adaptive system (CAS) theory.

just-in-time processes and lean production.
Outsourcing supported by information technology reducing the value of American unskilled labor.
Increased importance of an educated workforce.

Ferguson asserts by 1980 it was clear American economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
dominance was over, with:

Productivity growth falling from 3% in the 1960s to 1% by the 1970s.
Radically better quality products from Japan: Cars, IBM compatible mainframe computers, Semiconductors;
Japan responded better to the oil shocks

But it was not obvious what should be done about it. Ferguson argues the US should have: refocused on saving, improved

Salman Khan argues that the evolved global education system is inefficient and organized around constraining and corralling students into accepting dubious ratings that lead to mundane roles. He highlights a radical and already proven alternative which offers effective self-paced deep learning processes supported by technology and freed up attention of teams of teachers. Building on his personal experience of helping overcome the unjustified failing grade of a relative, Khan:

Iteratively learns how to teach: Starting with Nadia, Leveraging short videos focused on content, Converging on mastery, With the help of neuroscience, and filling in dependent gaps; resulting in a different approach to the mainstream method.
Assesses the broken US education system: Set in its ways, Designed for the 1800s, Inducing holes that are hidden by tests, Tests which ignore creativity. The resulting teaching process is so inefficient it needs to be supplemented with homework. Instead teachers were encouraging their pupils to use his tools at home so they could mentor them while they attended school, an inversion that significantly improves the economics.
Enters the real world: Builds a scalable service, Working with a real classroom, Trying stealth learning, At Khan Academy full time, In the curriculum at Los Altos, Supporting life-long learning.
Develops The One World Schoolhouse: Back to the future with a one room school, a robust teaching team, and creativity enabled; so with some catalysis even the poorest can become educated and earn credentials for current jobs.
Wishes he could also correct: Summer holidays, Transcript based assessments, College education;
Concludes it is now possible to provide the infrastructure for creativity to emerge and to support risk taking.

Following our summary of his arguments RSS frames them from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Disruption is a powerful force for change but if its force is used to support the current teachers to adopt new processes can it overcome the extended phenotypic alignment and evolutionary amplifiers sustaining the current educational network?

education, information technology, tougher antitrust policy, energy conservation and greater understanding of other nations. But instead President Reagan proposed a simple reassuring alternative strategy: Lower taxes, reduce government regulation, and strengthen the military; a strategy that has constrained all subsequent presidents.

Reagan accomplished many of his goals: Tax cuts and deregulation. But Ferguson argues he:

Did not cut government spending. A recovery was built with deficits. Tax cuts did not pay for themselves as claimed.
Allowed corruption of politics with lobbyists and industry executives running government agencies as their industries increased spending on political donations, lobbying and hiring of officials.
Responded to the 2nd OPEC oil shock's inflation driven collapse of the politically well-connected S&L is savings and loan association. These S&Ls were deregulated by the 1982 Garn-St. Germain act.
s by deregulation - Garn-St. Germain of 1982 was signed by President Reagan in response to the 1979 oil shock inflation driven collapse of the US S&L industry. The S&Ls had previously only been allowed to offer depositors fixed rate loans on fixed length mortgages which could not adapt to the rapid inflation. The S&L depositors responded by switching to higher interest bearing money market funds. The 1982 act deregulated the savings and loan associations and allowed banks to provide adjustable-rate mortgage loans.
act, allowing the S&Ls and their investment bankers to run wild.

By appointing S&L industry lobbyist, Richard Pratt to head the regulator, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the regulations against self-dealing were weakened.
Self-dealing allowed S&L owners to raise money with federally insured CDs via Wall Street Brokers who were repaid with fees. By leveraging other people's money and/or credibility, fortunes could be made. Charles Keating leveraged economist Alan Greenspan and Keating's five congressmen: Alan Cranston, John Glenn, John McCain, Donald Riegle, Dennis DeConcini; to sustain his activities.
Establishment of the Resolution Trust Corporation to take over bankrupt is a legal status for an entity that cannot repay its creditor's loans. It holds creditor lawsuits in abeyance while the restructuring process proceeds to allow the entity to continue operations. It also has legal tools for forcing holdout creditors to accept repayments that are lower than the bond sale initially promised.
S&Ls and sell off their assets at a cost to tax payers of $100 billion, instead of the $10 billion it would have cost to just let them collapse initially without the attempted recovery.
American investment banks eagerly participated in the S&L deregulation providing funds in return for high fees.
Law firms similarly benefited: Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue; Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, and Kaye Scholer.
Accounting firms: Ernst & Young and Arthur Andersen were later forced to pay high settlements for allowing S&Ls to fake their books.

Junk Bonds, Leveraged Buyouts, and the Rise of Predatory Investment Banking

Michael Milken's research suggested previously unrated companies could have debt underwritten. In 1977 Milken's employer investment bank Drexel Burnham Lambert, started underwriting 'junk' bond issues by unrated companies. Ferguson writes that in an environment where the stock market had fallen severely many public companies were bargains, or could be made attractive by replacing poor management teams, able to be purchased with junk bonds:

Nixon/Ford treasury is the department of the treasury. It is a federal government executive department created by Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet officer. With monetary policy devolved to the Federal Reserve, treasury manages fiscal policy. To support funding of high cost investments: Disaster recovery, Wars, Famines; the treasury can issue debt instruments and manage the national debt.
secretary William Simon leveraged bonds to purchase and flip Gibson Greeting Cards in 1982.
Ted Forstmann's firm flipped 'Dr Pepper'.
The junk bond amplifier induced a bubble which Milken and others fed through fraud.
Junk bonds enabled Green Mail, where boards would use junk bonds to pay corporate raiders is the pooling of commitments from fund investors, to: buy assets that are not publicly traded: companies, real estate, and debt; improve their acquisition's value and sell them again, returning the sale cash to the fund investors. Private equity companies gain competitive advantage from being lightly regulated, and wealth from the fees and special tax privileges. Private equity companies were initially corporate raiders.
to abandon their take over bids.
Arbitrage bets on the take over battles were illegally supported by insider details.
Investment banking's traditional partner based structure and capital base was replaced by short term, one-time transaction fees. Investment banks went public. The bankers were paid a percentage of the immediate deal.

Over

Carlo Rovelli resolves the paradox of time.
Rovelli initially explains that low level physics does not include time:

A present that is common throughout the universe does not exist
Events are only partially ordered. The present is localized
The difference between past and future is not foundational. It occurs because of state that through our blurring appears particular to us
Time passes at different speeds dependent on where we are and how fast we travel
Time's rhythms are due to the gravitational field
Our quantized physics shows neither space nor time, just processes transforming physical variables.
Fundamentally there is no time. The basic equations evolve together with events, not things

Then he explains how in a physical world without time its perception can emerge:

Our familiar time emerges

Our interaction with the world is partial, blurred, quantum indeterminate
The ignorance determines the existence of thermal time and entropy that quantifies our uncertainty
Directionality of time is real but perspectival. The entropy of the world in relation to us increases with our thermal time. The growth of entropy distinguishes past from future: resulting in traces and memories
Each human is a unified being because: we reflect the world, we formed an image of a unified entity by interacting with our kind, and because of the perspective of memory
The variable time: is one of the variables of the gravitational field. With our scale we don't register quantum fluctuations, making space-time appear determined. At our speed we don't perceive differences in time of different clocks, so we experience a single time: universal, uniform, ordered; which is helpful to our decisions

time, Junk bond financing pushed up the price of stocks which made the initial leveraged buyouts very profitable. Further rounds of junk-bond financed LBOs were induced. A bubble lasted through the 1980s. Milken became a billionaire. Even prison and fines did not impact his wealth is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. . Milken has since setup foundations which fund pro-business academic economists is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
.

Financial Innovation, Derivatives, and the 1987 Market Crash

Ferguson explains how the Wall Street boom aligned with growth in institutional stock portfolios supported by computerized portfolio management. A stock market bubble was induced. Portfolio insurance promised to allow a stock portfolio fund manager to protect against a market fall by buying put options that allow stocks in the portfolio to be sold when their floor is reached. Actually the 'insurer' short sells stock-index futures, since these make the exchange trades managable, for cash at the floor price and then sells the portfolio stocks that have been purchased from the insurance counter party to fully limit the risk. Unfortunately for the portfolio insurer, the market exchange was not obligated to buy the stocks in the counter parties portfolio at the price defined in the put and would not if it ran out of liquidity. And the buyers of the stock index futures would sell the underlying stocks to hedge their positions. The portfolio inurance products were enabled by software developed at UC Berkeley by finance professors Hayne Leland and Mark Rubinstein. Once a portfolio manager selected a desired price floor the computers would trade automatically accelerating futures selling as markets fell shifting those positions into cash. But once the hedge strategy was widely adopted it would result in a cascade of adaptive sales unless systemically regulated. If the real stock markets responded by additional selling, a cycle develops and reinforces the selling activity as happened on 'Black Monday', October 19th 1987 when over $50 billion of equity assets were covered by portfolio insurance resulting in a stream of sell orders on the portfolio assets required to lock in the hedges.
was deployed to mitigate the risk. The strategy failed but the crash in 1987 was eventually stabilized by the Fed, under Chairman Alan Greenspan, with a flood of new money. Ferguson concludes that regulation is required since any leveraged financial instrument:

Satyajit Das uses an Indonesian company's derivative trades to introduce us to the workings of the international derivatives system. Das describes the components of the value delivery system and the key transactions. He demonstrates how the system interacted with emerging economies expanding them, extracting profits and then moving on as the induced bubbles burst. Following Das's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted.

Derivatives including CDS is a credit-default swap, nominally insurance where the buyer of the CDS gets paid if the subject of the swap can't meet its obligations. It appears to be insurance but insurance companies must set aside reserves to handle such claims. Britain initially required that insurance buyers also have an insurable interest. That is required in insurance markets to ensure buyers of insurance don't destroy their asset just to obtain the insurance. CDS were not required to do the same, because it was decided they were not insurance which encouraged such abuses and risk taking. Stocks could be sold short when they were backed by CDS. And the swap market is limited making it easy to undermine its liquidity. They carry considerable risk because:

They are governed by the CFMA, which ensures they are unregulated and opaque
The incentives encouraged problems - the more CDS you own the more you benefit from [causing] problems with the 'insured' assets. And unlike traditional insurance you could buy as many CDS as you could afford.

; can cause cascades of selling in a downturn.

Deregulation Triumphant: The Clinton Administration

Ferguson argues that America's strong economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
performance in the 1990s was due to: Internet-based innovation is the economic realization of invention and combinatorial exaptation. Keynes noted it provided the unquantifiable beneficial possibility that limits fear of uncertainty. Innovation operates across all CAS, being supported by genetic and cultural means. Creativity provides the mutation and recombination genetic operators for the cultural process. While highly innovative, monopolies: AT&T, IBM; usually have limited economic reach, constraining productivity. This explains the use of regulation, or even its threat, that can check their power and drive the creations across the economy.
and entrepreneurship, venture capital is venture capital, venture companies invest in startups with intangable assets
and start-up system; which generated higher economy is a human SuperOrganism complex adaptive system (CAS) which operates and controls trade flows within a rich niche. Economics models economies. Robert Gordon has described the evolution of the American economy. Like other CAS, economic flows are maintained far from equilibrium by: demand, financial flows and constraints, supply infrastructure constraints, political and military constraints; ensuring wealth, legislative control, legal contracts and power have significant leverage through evolved amplifiers.
wide productivity is the efficiency with which an agent's selected strategy converts the inputs to an action into the resulting outputs. It is a complex capability of agents. It will depend on the agent having: time, motivation, focus, appropriate skills; the coherence of the participating collaborators, and a beneficial environment including the contribution of: standardization of inputs and outputs, infrastructure and evolutionary amplifiers.
and launched: Amazon, eBay, Yahoo, Google, Craigslist, Facebook and many smaller businesses. And he notes that policy actions by the Clinton administration were catalytic: Privatizing parts of the Internet, reforming the telecommunications sector and constraining Microsoft.

But Ferguson notes the Clinton administration's changes to the regulatory environment enabled the rapid concentration of the industry, the financial bubble and eventually the crash of 2008. And he asserts the administration signalled, is an emergent capability which is used by cooperating agents to support coordination & rival agents to support control and dominance. In eukaryotic cells signalling is used extensively. A signal interacts with the exposed region of a receptor molecule inducing it to change shape to an activated form. Chains of enzymes interact with the activated receptor relaying, amplifying and responding to the signal to change the state of the cell. Many of the signalling pathways pass through the nuclear membrane and interact with the DNA to change its state. Enzymes sensitive to the changes induced in the DNA then start to operate generating actions including sending further signals. Cell signalling is reviewed by Helmreich. Signalling is a fundamental aspect of CAS theory and is discussed from the abstract CAS perspective in signals and sensors. In AWF the eukaryotic signalling architecture has been abstracted in a codelet based implementation. To be credible signals must be hard to fake. To be effective they must be easily detected by the target recipient. To be efficient they are low cost to produce and destroy.
their acquiescence of bad behavior by investment bankers. Deregulation allowed the:

Development of 'innovative' financial instruments that supported the structuring of a securitization value delivery system.
Use of short term cash incentives for every agent in the chain, encouraging conflicts of interest and removing penalties for causing losses.

Taming Mortgages but Creating a Monster

Larry Fink's CMO is a:

Chief medical officer or a
Care maintenance organization or in finance a
Collateralized mortgage obligation. The collateralized mortgage obligation was invented by Larry Fink (BlackRock) and team while they were at First Boston in 1983. The key innovation was that the risk in these contracts was more predictable than in an MBS due to the presence of a trust that guaranteed payments to the bond holders. The risk was separated into tranches with different credit ratings and yields. The structure was used by the banking and securities companies to finance the subprime housing boom.

helped S&Ls is savings and loan association. These S&Ls were deregulated by the 1982 Garn-St. Germain act.
to lend more money to home buyers by allowing banks, such as First Boston, to buy the prime rate mortgages from the S&Ls and sell them, packaged in the CMOs, onto investors.

Ferguson argues there was a flaw in the securitization process, since it disconnected the initial credit decisions from subsequent credit risk and consequences. This could be fixed by making sellers accept some of the impact of any subsequent losses. But Ferguson explains the opposite actually happened with the securitization of sub-prime mortgages. And with hedge funds is an investment fund that accepts investments from a limited number of accredited individual or institutional investors. Hedge funds are able to use investment methods that are not allowed for other types of fund.
trading the ABS is an asset-backed security defined as backed by nonconforming loans rather than Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac quality loans used in original MBS or CMO.
s the opacity and quality of the securities fell. CDS is a credit-default swap, nominally insurance where the buyer of the CDS gets paid if the subject of the swap can't meet its obligations. It appears to be insurance but insurance companies must set aside reserves to handle such claims. Britain initially required that insurance buyers also have an insurable interest. That is required in insurance markets to ensure buyers of insurance don't destroy their asset just to obtain the insurance. CDS were not required to do the same, because it was decided they were not insurance which encouraged such abuses and risk taking. Stocks could be sold short when they were backed by CDS. And the swap market is limited making it easy to undermine its liquidity. They carry considerable risk because:

They are governed by the CFMA, which ensures they are unregulated and opaque
The incentives encouraged problems - the more CDS you own the more you benefit from [causing] problems with the 'insured' assets. And unlike traditional insurance you could buy as many CDS as you could afford.

s, issued by London based AIG Financial Products, were falsely assumed to offset the risk posed by the expanding leverage and falling quality.

The Internet driven innovation is the economic realization of invention and combinatorial exaptation. Keynes noted it provided the unquantifiable beneficial possibility that limits fear of uncertainty. Innovation operates across all CAS, being supported by genetic and cultural means. Creativity provides the mutation and recombination genetic operators for the cultural process. While highly innovative, monopolies: AT&T, IBM; usually have limited economic reach, constraining productivity. This explains the use of regulation, or even its threat, that can check their power and drive the creations across the economy.
justified a spike in startup IPOs. But Ferguson notes only Wall Street analysts' corrupt valuations allowed loss making companies with no route to profitability equity investments when they went public. And established companies used fraudulent accounting, connections and donations to exploit the Internet market bubble: Enron, WorldCom. Enron board member Wendy Gramm, a former Chair of the CFTC is the commodity futures trading commission, the regulator of the futures and options markets, was created in 1974. It enforced the CEA for these commodities.
, was also wife of Senator Phil Gramm of Texas, the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee.

Next wave of Financial Deregulation

The Clinton administration, Congress (Newt Gingrich, Phil Gramm) and the Federal reserve of 1913 was a response to a series of banking panics with the goal of responding effectively to stresses. It setup:

At least 8 and not more than 12 private regional Federal Reserve banks. Twelve were setup
Federal Reserve Board with seven members to govern the system. The President appointed the seven, which must be confirmed by Congress. In 1935 the Board was renamed and restructured.
Federal Advisory Committee with twelve members
Single US currency - the Federal Reserve Note.

(Alan Greenspan) drove financial deregulation with new laws: HOEPA is the home ownership and equity protection act. It was developed by the Republican led Congress and signed ito law by President Clinton in 1994. , repeal of Glass-Stegall Banking Act of 1933 prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
, CFMA is the commodity futures modernization act which constrained derivative market regulation, catalyzing the derivative fueled housing boom and 2008 recession. It was supported by Senator Phil Gramm and the Republican led Congress, Federal reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan and the Clinton Administration's Treasury Department led by Larry Summers. Former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin also lobbied to over-rule Brooksley Born, the dissenting chair of the CFTC. President Clinton signed the act into law in 2000. , TRA of 1997 is the Tax Reform Act of 1997. President Clinton reduced several federal taxes and allowed the first $500,000 in gains from selling a house to be nominally tax free if it was rolled into a new house purchase. ; regulatory changes: But none from the Fed to leverage HOEPA, CFTC is the commodity futures trading commission, the regulator of the futures and options markets, was created in 1974. It enforced the CEA for these commodities.
's Brooksley Born overruled on the need for

derivative regulation by Treasury is the department of the treasury. It is a federal government executive department created by Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet officer. With monetary policy devolved to the Federal Reserve, treasury manages fiscal policy. To support funding of high cost investments: Disaster recovery, Wars, Famines; the treasury can issue debt instruments and manage the national debt.
Secretary Rubin, Summers, Greenspan and S.E.C. is the Securities and Exchange Commission. It was provided with power to regulate the securities industry by the Securities act and Securities Exchange act. chair Levitt; and reduced law enforcement. The weakening of protections was not slowed by a concurrent wave of scandals involving dubious derivatives losses by Gibson cards, Air products, P&G, Sandoz, Orange County, Barings Bank, Daiwa Bank, Sumitomo Bank, LTCM was Long-Term Capital Management, a hedge fund that used Black-Scholes quantitative models to trade in derivatives. The hedge fund's bets failed during the Asian and Russian debt crisis of 1998 and it had to be rescued by the Federal Reserve.
. The chief architects of deregulation were well remunerated: Rubin left the administration to join Citicorp making $120 million there. Larry Summers eventually joined D.E. Shaw making $5.2 million from 2006 to 2008. Other key people from the administration: Laura Tyson, Tom Donilon, Franklin Raines, Michael Froman, David Lipton; left to join banks, hedge funds is an investment fund that accepts investments from a limited number of accredited individual or institutional investors. Hedge funds are able to use investment methods that are not allowed for other types of fund.
and GSE is a Government Sponsored Entity. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are examples.
s.

After the 2008 financial crisis, AIGs collapse and $10 trillion in losses Greenspan finally admitted there had been "a flaw" in his model!

Structural consolidation

Deregulation, technology and increased capitalization of computerized operations drove broad financial consolidation, creating huge financial conglomerates through mergers and acquisitions.
By the time George W. Bush took office each segment of the US financial network was dominated by an oligopoly of highly collusive large firms:

Investment banking: Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns; along with subsidiaries of Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America and Europeans: Deutsche Bank, UBS and Credit Suisse.
Securities insurance: MBIA, Ambac; and subsidiaries of AIG [and Berkshire Hathaway].
Securities rating: Moody's, Standard & Poor's, Fitch
Corporate auditing: Arthur Andersen, Deloitte, Ernst & Young, PwC, KPMG,
Global derivative trading: JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs
Consumer credit catalyzes the purchase of homes and durable goods by spreading out the payment into a series and removing the need to obtain the entire purchase price in advance as described by Gordon. It is supported by an evolved amplifier, including: a clear benefit to the purchaser, a profit stream captured by the lender, enforceable contractual agreements, within a schematic regulatory framework. Taibbi describes the amplifier's architecture as deployed by Chase. Nineteenth century US rural purchases were credit based but with a large initial commitment. Cash purchases increased between 1890 and 1910. Between 1910 and 1915 cash purchasing shifted back to leveraging credit. By 1920 credit accounts were offered at department stores. Installment plans, provided by finance companies: GMAC; with minimal upfront commitments supported the purchase of costly durable items including automobiles.
cards: Visa, Mastercard, American Express
Interstate banking: Bank of America, Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase,
Asset management: Fidelity, Vanguard, Alliance Capital, BlackRock, Pimco, Putnam;

They formed joint industry associations and leveraged shared lobbying and law firms and academic experts.

Incentives

Ferguson notes a trend across the finance network. Prior to the 1970s incentives were long term and demanded caution. But then the nature of the incentives changed:

The New York Stock exchange only allowed private partnerships until 1971. Then it relaxed the rule, just as investment banks started to go public. Bankers started to get annual bonuses and stock options and these were annual and in cash by 2000. Senior bankers were no longer required to place the majority of their own money at risk.
Mortgage securitization disconnected lenders from repayments. It incented volume. And the opacity of the products, the fee structures, and the compensations encouraged bankers to sell junk.
Until the 1970s rating agencies were paid by the buyers of securities they rated. But by 2000 all three agencies were paid by the issuers, and also rated the debt of the banks themselves.
Securities insurance companies adopted the same compensation schemes as the bankers. Losses impacted the company not the sales representatives.
Hedge funds is an investment fund that accepts investments from a limited number of accredited individual or institutional investors. Hedge funds are able to use investment methods that are not allowed for other types of fund.
were compensated by a 2% fee per year of assets managed and 20% of all gains. Losses did not count encouraging the managers to take risks with client money and accept ratings uncritically.
Ferguson asserts regulatory and policy incentives were transformed after the Clinton administration limited enforcement of the law for financial companies.

The Bubble, Part one: Borrowing and lending in the 2000s

Ferguson argues that after the

The IPO of Netscape is defined as the key emergent event of the New Economy by Michael Mandel. Following the summary of Mandel's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted.

dot.com bubble burst in 2000 the Bush administration used tax cuts, federal deficits, a housing bubble, and consumer spending based on second mortgage borrowing to engineer an unsustainable recovery. He laments that there were massive job losses in manufacturing and services where these could be outsourced or automated. The profits from productivity is the efficiency with which an agent's selected strategy converts the inputs to an action into the resulting outputs. It is a complex capability of agents. It will depend on the agent having: time, motivation, focus, appropriate skills; the coherence of the participating collaborators, and a beneficial environment including the contribution of: standardization of inputs and outputs, infrastructure and evolutionary amplifiers.
gains were captured by the wealthiest is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. families. Workers' wages stagnated or fell.

A marriage of Convenience Produces a Bubble

Fed rate cuts, between 2000 and 2003, encouraged house prices to rise allowing house owners to capture valuation increases as loans and spend them on capital is the sum total nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market according to Piketty. Capital includes: real property, financial capital and professional capital. It is not immutable instead depending on the state of the society within which it exists. It can be owned by governments (public capital) and private individuals (private capital). goods and second homes. This process expanded the economy is a human SuperOrganism complex adaptive system (CAS) which operates and controls trade flows within a rich niche. Economics models economies. Robert Gordon has described the evolution of the American economy. Like other CAS, economic flows are maintained far from equilibrium by: demand, financial flows and constraints, supply infrastructure constraints, political and military constraints; ensuring wealth, legislative control, legal contracts and power have significant leverage through evolved amplifiers.
and helped

A key agent in the 1990 - 2008 housing expansion Countrywide is linked into the residential mortgage value delivery system (VDS) by Paul Muolo and Mathew Padilla. But they show the VDS was full of amplifiers and control points. With no one incented to apply the brakes the bubble grew and burst. Following the summary of Muolo and Padilla's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted.

build a bubble. Ferguson notes that the situation was helped along by frauds against the borrowers who were tricked into using overly expensive loans.

From 2003 to mid-2007 $3 trillion of [ABS is an asset-backed security defined as backed by nonconforming loans rather than Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac quality loans used in original MBS or CMO.
] supported additional expansion globally, leveraging mortgages issued by new lightly regulated mortgage originators. The ABS were repackaged into CDOs by investment banks to expose the high return/risk tranches for investors. The CDO is a:

Care delivery organization in health care.
Collateralized debt obligation in finance. The idea is to transfer the credit risk rather than the loan itself. The bank enters into a CDS on the loans with a SPV. The CDO allows the bank to shift its loans outside the reach of regulators. The CDO also can distribute the risk unevenly by tranching. Equity is most at risk. Then any subordinated debt.

s were sweetened with securities insurance and AAA ratings. Ferguson notes that more than half this increase in lending volume was subprime or equivalent and much of this was defective, depending on people who were speculating, committing fraud or being defrauded. The defective CDOs were driven Ponzi style through the value chain. Ferguson writes of clear evidence that many CEOs and senior executives lied to their investors, auditors, regulators, and the public during and after the bubble. And President Clinton's TRA of 1997 is the Tax Reform Act of 1997. President Clinton reduced several federal taxes and allowed the first $500,000 in gains from selling a house to be nominally tax free if it was rolled into a new house purchase. encouraged flipping during the bubble. The powerful amplifier pulled in house buyers and then trapped them, or worse in the collapse.

Ferguson notes the massive fraud where realtors, loan brokers and mortgage originators, sales practices and deceptive low initial rate loan structures sustained with refinancing trapped borrowers in unnecessarily expensive and sometimes coerced loan agreements. Illegal immigrants were particularly targets.

Ferguson explains that the FBI was aware of the epidemic of mortgage fraud but they were focused on counterterrorism. And he asserts the George W. Bush Administration deliberately disempowered the investigative and enforcement branches of the SEC is the Securities and Exchange Commission. It was provided with power to regulate the securities industry by the Securities act and Securities Exchange act. . So mortgage lenders and Wall Street felt immune from criminal sanctions.

Ferguson asks why the mortgage banks & Wall Street tolerated the frauds. He concludes subprime lending was where the interest rates were highest, which allowed investment banks to build products, their investors wanted, with more yield. And this induced very crooked behaviors.

The Rise of Subprime Mortgage Lenders and the Shadow Banking Sector

Most of the loan originators financing mortgages used warehouse loans, is a loan extended from a large bank or Wall Street firm to a nonbank to originate mortgages. from Wall Street, based on short term credit. They included: New Century, Ameriquest, Golden West Financial, Long Beach Mortgage, WMC and

Countrywide. Ferguson asserts the whole loan origination industry was totally unethical. Most went bankrupt is a legal status for an entity that cannot repay its creditor's loans. It holds creditor lawsuits in abeyance while the restructuring process proceeds to allow the entity to continue operations. It also has legal tools for forcing holdout creditors to accept repayments that are lower than the bond sale initially promised.
destroying capital is the sum total nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market according to Piketty. Capital includes: real property, financial capital and professional capital. It is not immutable instead depending on the state of the society within which it exists. It can be owned by governments (public capital) and private individuals (private capital). but their former executives and sales personnel remain wealthy is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. . Ferguson laments that situation reoccurs throughout the book.

Ferguson notes the unscrupulous manipulation of the buyers by the mortgage VDS.

Once the bubble began rewarding corrupt practices the GSE is a Government Sponsored Entity. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are examples.
s: Fannie Mae is the coloquial name for the FNMA which is:

The federal national mortgage association, a GSE. It was made a publically traded company by the HUD act of 1968 to remove its debt from the federal budget.
In 1970 FNMA was authorized to purchase conventional mortgages. FHLMC was setup to ensure competition for FNMA in this task.
In 1981 FNMA issued its first designated MBS.
In 1992 the Democratic Congress and President Bush established HCDA which gave FNMA affordable housing goals set annually by HUD with Congressional approval.
In 1999 the Clinton administration put pressure on FNMA to expand loans to low and moderate income borrowers. FNMA took on additional subprime risk.
In 2000 HUD placed anti-predatory lending rules on the affordable housing goals, but these constraints were dropped in 2004. In effect they just pushed mortgage originators to Wall Street finance.
Once mortgage originators started to use warehouse loans, the GSEs lost visibility and control of origination.
The GSEs purchased AAA mortgages from commercial banks. Many of these classifications were fraudulent leaving the GSEs with bad debt. In 2008 to maintain the stability of the global economy the George W. Bush administration seized the GSEs and placed them in conservatorship under the FHFA, ensuring they could not collapse.
In 2010 FNMA's stock was delisted from the NYSE. They still trade over-the-counter.

and Freddie Mac is the Federal home loan mortgage corporation (FHLMC), a GSE. , happily participated, leveraging their

This page discusses the benefits of bringing agents and resources to the dynamically best connected region of a complex adaptive system (CAS).

central position in the mortgage market.

Wall Street makes a bubble and gives it to the world

Ferguson assesses how the Wall Street firms who purchased the mortgages, securitized them and sold them on to investors could have participated when they understood the toxic nature of the AAA rated assets. He proposes five possibilities:

The bonuses would make each participant fabulously wealthy is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. .
It is hard to fight a team or firm that is being hugely successful, in terms of short term bonuses.
Few people could see the systemic situation.
Once you are participating and realize there are problems identifying them will put you, your team and firm at risk of destruction.
Fraud was not punished. Ferguson explains that no one on Wall Street lost out or was personally punished. "The people responsible for the bubble are still wealthy, out of jail, socially accepted, and either retired or not, as they prefer. Even those who really did lose something -- CEOs, eminences on boards of directors, business unit heads, people such as Richard Fuld, Robert Rubin, Angelo Mozilo, Stan O'Neal, or Joseph Cassano -- are still enormously wealthy as a result of having taken lots of cash out during the bubble, and/or from their severance payments."

Ferguson notes that the George W. Bush administration and Federal Reserve of 1913 was a response to a series of banking panics with the goal of responding effectively to stresses. It setup:

At least 8 and not more than 12 private regional Federal Reserve banks. Twelve were setup
Federal Reserve Board with seven members to govern the system. The President appointed the seven, which must be confirmed by Congress. In 1935 the Board was renamed and restructured.
Federal Advisory Committee with twelve members
Single US currency - the Federal Reserve Note.

supported dangerous strategies by the banks. In 2004 the SEC is the Securities and Exchange Commission. It was provided with power to regulate the securities industry by the Securities act and Securities Exchange act. allowed the five largest banks: Bear Sterns, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley; to calculate their own leverage limits. These banks used massive leverage, so that when the underlying assets declined by just 3% they went bankrupt is a legal status for an entity that cannot repay its creditor's loans. It holds creditor lawsuits in abeyance while the restructuring process proceeds to allow the entity to continue operations. It also has legal tools for forcing holdout creditors to accept repayments that are lower than the bond sale initially promised.
unless rescued: Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. Other regulators reduced their risk-analysis and enforcement staff. Ferguson lists examples of the resulting frauds: Charles Schwab sued: BNP Paribas,

Countrywide, Bank of America, Citicorp, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Greenwich Capital, HSBC is a major financial services and banking corporation. It was originally the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corp. Taibi describes how HSBC setup a global process to hide accounts that were used for money laundering.
, Wells Fargo, Morgan Stanley, UBS; having analyzed 75,144 loans with 45% failing one of their four tests.

Ferguson describes serious issues he identified at: Bear Stearns which securitized $192 billion, Goldman Sachs's GSAMP, Morgan Stanley which securitized $44 billion in one quarter of 2007; Ferguson notes that his former colleague Laura Tyson, who was a board member of Morgan Stanley, criticized the short sellers is a multi part transaction where:

A borrowed tradable asset (this part of the transaction is not performed in the naked version) is sold under the assumption that the asset is going to fall in price during the period when it has been borrowed.
Once the asset falls in price it is then purchased.
The asset is returned to the lender, with any additional risk premium.
The short seller keeps any profit. If the asset gained value during the period of the short then the seller makes a loss.

of Morgan Stanley stock and said the banks compensation practices did not contribute to its problems!

The Rating Agencies

Ferguson explains that the ratings agencies: Moody's Standard & Poor's and Fitch; run an oligopoly. They encouraged their entrenchment: the SEC recognizing their oligopoly, the NRSRO is nationally recognized statistical rating organizations: Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch;
, government pension funds were required to invest in assets with a high NRSRO rating. But the companies claimed that ratings were just free speech 'opinions,' limiting the legal liabilities. If their power was threatened they would propose adjusting or not rating the assets owned by the combatant.

Additionally the incentives and rewards of the NRSRO are paid by the product issuers. Ferguson writes a cynical partnership ensued: corruption and exploitation; where the ratings agencies issued AAA ratings, and collected fees, on failed junk. They rated expanding volumes of: MBS is mortgage backed security, a bond backed by the monthly payments homeowners make on their residences. It was initially developed by Lew Ranieri at Salomon Brothers.
, ABS is an asset-backed security defined as backed by nonconforming loans rather than Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac quality loans used in original MBS or CMO.
, CDOs, CLOs, auction-rate securities, synthetic securities; given high ratings. Moody's became the most profitable company in the Fortune 500. And all three agencies failed to change the ratings of the investment banks as the banks products' core assets turned to junk.

"Protection" and Financial Weapons of Mass Destruction

In part the continued high ratings could be justified because of CDS is a credit-default swap, nominally insurance where the buyer of the CDS gets paid if the subject of the swap can't meet its obligations. It appears to be insurance but insurance companies must set aside reserves to handle such claims. Britain initially required that insurance buyers also have an insurable interest. That is required in insurance markets to ensure buyers of insurance don't destroy their asset just to obtain the insurance. CDS were not required to do the same, because it was decided they were not insurance which encouraged such abuses and risk taking. Stocks could be sold short when they were backed by CDS. And the swap market is limited making it easy to undermine its liquidity. They carry considerable risk because:

They are governed by the CFMA, which ensures they are unregulated and opaque
The incentives encouraged problems - the more CDS you own the more you benefit from [causing] problems with the 'insured' assets. And unlike traditional insurance you could buy as many CDS as you could afford.

'insurance'. Ferguson argues that AIG was happy to sell its CDS and place itself at extreme risk because:

Complexity and opacity of the market
CEO and board of AIG were picked by Maurice Greenberg to be pliable and clueless.
The CDS business was initially hugely profitable and the same incentives were deployed at AIG, encouraging risky practices. The CDS were issued by London based AIG Financial Products. They generated $8 billion for AIG as well as $3.5 billion in cash bonuses for AIGFP by 2005.

Ferguson laments CDSs reappeared in 2012 in the European sovereign debt crisis.

Financial Culture and Corporate Governance During the Bubble

Ferguson concludes that the cocoon around investment banking executives: James Cayne, Richard Fuld, Stan O'Neal (Still on the board of Alcoa), Robert Rubin; and their boards, the executives huge wealth is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. , perks and power, and the incentive system made them self-obsessed and indifferent to the fate of their companies, employees and customers. Ferguson notes that once Rubin moved from Treasury is the department of the treasury. It is a federal government executive department created by Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet officer. With monetary policy devolved to the Federal Reserve, treasury manages fiscal policy. To support funding of high cost investments: Disaster recovery, Wars, Famines; the treasury can issue debt instruments and manage the national debt.
Secretary to vice chairman of Citigroup he called Peter Fischer at Treasury, asking for help in preventing Enron's credit rating downgrade. Citigroup was a major creditor and Enron was about to go bankrupt is a legal status for an entity that cannot repay its creditor's loans. It holds creditor lawsuits in abeyance while the restructuring process proceeds to allow the entity to continue operations. It also has legal tools for forcing holdout creditors to accept repayments that are lower than the bond sale initially promised.
. Citigroup was later fined for helping Enron conceal its losses. Rubin was paid $120 million while at Citigroup. Ferguson notes that Rubin is, in 2012, co-chair of the Council of Foreign Relations and a member of Harvard Corporation and was active on the Obama transition team moving in the same old unethical policymakers.

Ferguson explains there was one company whose leaders now aims to develop plans and strategies which ensure effective coordination to improve the common good of the in-group. Pinker notes the evolved pressure of social rivalry associating power with leadership. Saposky observes the disconnect between power hierarchies and wisdom in apes. John Adair developed a modern leadership methodology based on the three-circles model.
did not display such hubris. Goldman Sachs were disciplined predators, who consequently made money during the bubble and then from its collapse. He concludes they also lied to Congress in 2010.

All Fall Down: Warnings, Predators, Crises, Responses

By 2002 prominent players were responding to the weaknesses being generated by the bubble: William Ackman 'shorted' MBIA, Magnetar Tricadia Harbinger Capital George Soros and John Paulson bet against mortgage securities at the end of the bubble together making over $25 billion and allowing Wall Street to extend the bubble, Goldman Sachs accurately timed the end of the bubble and made money from the bubble and collapse, J.P. Morgan Chase stayed out of the subprime market, Morgan Stanley leveraged the bubble but miss-timed the end tactically are goals and actions which respond to the actions of the enemy in a combat, rather than focusing on ones own strategic direction.
losing $9 billion, In 2004 Robert Gnaizda warned Alan Greenspan of problems with toxic mortgages hoping for action via HOEPA is the home ownership and equity protection act. It was developed by the Republican led Congress and signed ito law by President Clinton in 1994. , The IMF is the International Monetary Fund developed as part of the Bretton Woods agreements to provide liquidity to national gold denominated reserve banks at times of stress in the global financial network - a shortage of a particular currency which was inhibiting trade; in support of a broader Bretton Woods framework designed so as to ensure that currencies did not become misaligned with one another, and were a fair representation of what things were worth. The IMF removed the need for nations to depend on private loans from commercial banks, such as Britain's dependence on J. P. Morgan during the 1920s and 30s. The agreement required each Bretton Woods signatory to provide a capital investment or 'quota' into the fund which would subsequently correspond to the amount that the country could borrow from the fund in times of financial stress. The top four countries and their quotas were set by IMF architect, Harry Dexter White, to match FDR's priorities:

US - $2.9 billion, an amount the FDR administration could transfer from Exchange Stabilization Fund without any need to ask for Congress for funds.
UK - $1.45 billion
USSR - slightly less than UK quota
China - less than USSR.

's Rajan warned central banks of toxic incentives inducing a financial meltdown; while the system resisted the undermining forces: MBIA got the SEC is the Securities and Exchange Commission. It was provided with power to regulate the securities industry by the Securities act and Securities Exchange act. to investigate Ackman, Greenspan ignored Gnaizda and Rajan while Larry Summers attacked Rajan.

Amateur Hour Meets Let Them Eat Cake: Your Tax Dollars at Work

Ferguson laments that Federal Reserve of 1913 was a response to a series of banking panics with the goal of responding effectively to stresses. It setup:

At least 8 and not more than 12 private regional Federal Reserve banks. Twelve were setup
Federal Reserve Board with seven members to govern the system. The President appointed the seven, which must be confirmed by Congress. In 1935 the Board was renamed and restructured.
Federal Advisory Committee with twelve members
Single US currency - the Federal Reserve Note.

Chair Bernanke and Treasury is the department of the treasury. It is a federal government executive department created by Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet officer. With monetary policy devolved to the Federal Reserve, treasury manages fiscal policy. To support funding of high cost investments: Disaster recovery, Wars, Famines; the treasury can issue debt instruments and manage the national debt.
Secretary Paulson denied the existence of a bubble or risk until too late. Indeed he argues Paulson's Goldman Sachs was part of the lobbying effort that drove: Repeal of Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
, Banning the regulation of OTC derivatives is the commodity futures modernization act which constrained derivative market regulation, catalyzing the derivative fueled housing boom and 2008 recession. It was supported by Senator Phil Gramm and the Republican led Congress, Federal reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan and the Clinton Administration's Treasury Department led by Larry Summers. Former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin also lobbied to over-rule Brooksley Born, the dissenting chair of the CFTC. President Clinton signed the act into law in 2000. , relaxing disclosure requirements for mortgage CDO is a:

Care delivery organization in health care.
Collateralized debt obligation in finance. The idea is to transfer the credit risk rather than the loan itself. The bank enters into a CDS on the loans with a SPV. The CDO allows the bank to shift its loans outside the reach of regulators. The CDO also can distribute the risk unevenly by tranching. Equity is most at risk. Then any subordinated debt.

s in 2004, relaxing the SEC is the Securities and Exchange Commission. It was provided with power to regulate the securities industry by the Securities act and Securities Exchange act. 's leverage restrictions on investment banking in 2004. And he notes Bernanke continued Greenspan's refusal to regulate the mortgage industry until 2007. Then the Federal Reserve drafted HOEPA is the home ownership and equity protection act. It was developed by the Republican led Congress and signed ito law by President Clinton in 1994. regulations which were issued in mid-2008 by which time the crisis had developed. Consequently Paulson and Bernanke had little regulatory support (monitoring and constraints) to understand the developing situation. And Ferguson explains the administration had filled the upper ranks of the Treasury, SEC etc. with appointees with little relevant experience necessary to understand the global financial system's complexity and cope with the crisis.

Ferguson accepts that once the crisis became acute, in September 2008, Paulson and Bernanke showed nerve and commitment. But he is scathing about most participants: John Thain; and notes that Hank Paulson and Ben Bernanke did not adequately protect public money used to support the banks or protect the home owners who were impacted by mortgage defaults, foreclosures and unemployment.

Crime and Punishment: Banking and the Bubble as Criminal Enterprises

Ferguson concludes that since the 1980s, much of the American (and global) financial sector has become criminalized, creating an industry culture is how we do and think about things, transmitted by non-genetic means as defined by Frans de Waal. CAS theory views cultures as operating via memetic schemata evolved by memetic operators to support a cultural superorganism. Evolutionary psychology asserts that human culture reflects adaptations generated while hunting and gathering. Dehaene views culture as essentially human, shaped by exaptations and reading, transmitted with support of the neuronal workspace and stabilized by neuronal recycling. Damasio notes prokaryotes and social insects have developed cultural social behaviors. Sapolsky argues that parents must show children how to transform their genetically derived capabilities into a culturally effective toolset. He is interested in the broad differences across cultures of: Life expectancy, GDP, Death in childbirth, Violence, Chronic bullying, Gender equality, Happiness, Response to cheating, Individualist or collectivist, Enforcing honor, Approach to hierarchy; illustrating how different a person's life will be depending on the culture where they are raised. Culture:

Is deployed during pregnancy & childhood, with parental mediation. Nutrients, immune messages and hormones all affect the prenatal brain. Hormones: Testosterone with anti-Mullerian hormone masculinizes the brain by entering target cells and after conversion to estrogen binding to intracellular estrogen receptors; have organizational effects producing lifelong changes. Parenting style typically produces adults who adopt the same approach. And mothering style can alter gene regulation in the fetus in ways that transfer epigenetically to future generations! PMS symptoms vary by culture.
Is also significantly transmitted to children by their peers during play. So parents try to control their children's peer group.
Is transmitted to children by their neighborhoods, tribes, nations etc.
Influences the parenting style that is considered appropriate.
Can transform dominance into honor. There are ecological correlates of adopting honor cultures. Parents in honor cultures are typically authoritarian.
Is strongly adapted across a meta-ethnic frontier according to Turchin.
Across Europe was shaped by the Carolingian empire.
Can provide varying levels of support for innovation. Damasio suggests culture is influenced by feelings:

As motives for intellectual creation: prompting detection and diagnosis of homeostatic deficiencies, identifying desirable states worthy of creative effort.
As monitors of the success and failure of cultural instruments and practices
As participants in the negotiation of adjustments required by the cultural process over time

Produces consciousness according to Dennet.

that tolerates or even encourages systematic fraud. This criminal behavior includes:

Deliberate concealment of financial transactions that aid terrorism, nuclear weapons proliferation, and large-scale tax evasion; Matt Taibbi similarly illustrates this using HSBC is a major financial services and banking corporation. It was originally the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corp. Taibi describes how HSBC setup a global process to hide accounts that were used for money laundering.
.
Assisting in major financial frauds and in concealment of criminal assets; Enron helped by Chase, WorldCom helped by Salomon's Jack Grubman, The
The IPO of Netscape is defined as the key emergent event of the New Economy by Michael Mandel. Following the summary of Mandel's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted.

Internet bubble facilitated by Merrill's Henry Blodget and Morgan Stanley's Mary Meeker, and
Committing frauds that substantially worsened the worst financial bubbles and crises since the Depression; Taibbi describes UBS is Union Bank of Switzerland. Taibi describes how UBS manipulated LIBOR.
's rigging of LIBOR, the London Interbank Offered Rate has traditionally been set by the British Bankers Association with inputs from the major banks, as the average interest rate estimated to be charged if the major banks borrowed from each other.
and Ferguson its leverage (along with J.P. Morgan Chase) of Bernie Madoff's $19.5 billion Ponzi scheme.

Ferguson describes the prosecutable crimes committed:

Securities fraud
Accounting fraud
Honest services violations
Bribery
Perjury and false statements to federal investigators
Sarbanes-Oxley violations
RICO is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970.
offenses
Federal aid disclosure regulation violations
Personal conduct offenses.

But like Taibbi he notes there were no prosecutions that punished the players themselves!

Agents of Pain: Unregulated Finance as a subtractive industry

Ferguson argues that the corrupt US financial network undermines the financial health of the economy is a human SuperOrganism complex adaptive system (CAS) which operates and controls trade flows within a rich niche. Economics models economies. Robert Gordon has described the evolution of the American economy. Like other CAS, economic flows are maintained far from equilibrium by: demand, financial flows and constraints, supply infrastructure constraints, political and military constraints; ensuring wealth, legislative control, legal contracts and power have significant leverage through evolved amplifiers.
in two major ways:

Destabilization due to financial leverage, volatility, structural concentration, toxic incentives and information management catalyze bubbles and crises along with fraud. They spill over into the broader economy destroying capital is the sum total nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market according to Piketty. Capital includes: real property, financial capital and professional capital. It is not immutable instead depending on the state of the society within which it exists. It can be owned by governments (public capital) and private individuals (private capital). .
Parasitism is a long term relationship between the parasite and its host where the resources of the host are utilized by the parasite without reciprocity. Often parasites include schematic adaptations allowing the parasite to use the hosts modeling and control systems to divert resources to them or improve their chance of reproduction: Toxoplasma gondii. by the financial sector based on: legal and tax loopholes, constraints on information, barriers to market access, lack of protection for victims,
monopoly
is a power relation within:
- A state in which a group has enough power to enforce its will on other citizens. If this is a central authority with a cohesive military, it can overpower other warlords and stabilize the society.
- An economy in which one business has enough share in a market segment to control margins to its advantage. An economic monopoly can be broadly beneficial: AT&T monopoly, US patent monopoly rights;
practices and political subversion. Ferguson laments that the opportunity encourages smart people to participate here rather than in value generating activities.

Ferguson notes that the development of the financial sector has occurred while real economic performance has fallen. Financial gains in the financial sector are skewed towards the top 1% of income earners. Once the financial sector is removed from the US economy statistics real wages are seen to have fallen.

He suggests the costs of financial deregulation have been huge:

Americans observed the value of the homes increase between 2001 and 2005. They responded by leveraging the equity to pay for imported consumer goods, ballooning the trade deficit. After the crash of 2008 they still had the debt (Nov 2016). And a lot of capital had been miss-allocated to excess housing stock and associated infrastructure services.
The federal government spent hundreds of billions to sustain the financial sector, automotive industry, and supporting the unemployed.
Deficits expanded due to Congressional constraints on taxing. Consequently the
Johnson & Kwak argue that expanding the national debt provides a hedge against unforeseen future problems, as long as creditors are willing to continue lending. They illustrate different approaches to managing the debt within the US over its history and of the eighteenth century administrations of England and France.

The US embodies two different political and economic systems which approach the national debt differently:
- Taxes to support a sinking fund to ensure credit to leverage fiscal power in: Wars, Pandemics, Trade disputes, Hurricanes, Social programs; Starting with Hamilton, Lincoln & Chase, Wilson, FDR;
- Low taxes, limited infrastructure, with risk assumed by individuals: Advocated by President's Jefferson & Madison, Reagan, George W. Bush (Gingrich);
Johnson & Kwak develop a model of what the US government does. They argue that the conflicting sinking fund and low tax approaches leaves the nation 'stuck in the middle' with a future problem. And they offer their list of 'first principles' to help assess the best approach for moving from 2012 into the future.

They conclude the question is still political. They hope it can be resolved with an awareness of their detailed explanations. They ask who is willing to push all the coming risk onto individuals.

Following our summary of their arguments RSS frames them from the perspective of complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. Historically developing within the global cotton value delivery system, key CAS features are highlighted.
national debt
grew by 50%.
The US poverty rate has expanded.
The
EU
is European Union, the 1992 Maastricht Council of Ministers meeting agreed evolution of the ECSC & CAP cartels to include:
- A single market across the members' countries supporting the transformation of the ECSC. It maintained the CAP transfers assisting French farmers.
- A fixed currency 'snake' that allowed the ECSC to operate, binding the deutschmark to the other currencies of participating members: a mini Bretton Woods exchange rate mechanism; that became a single currency, the euro, managed by an independent ECB (based on the independent German Bundesbank); but tax gathering was allocated to the states whose leaders control the Council of Ministers and no effective mechanism was provided to reallocate revenues. This has left Germany with an advantage supported by the aggregate valuation of the euro and not having to flow tax revenues to the weaker economies of the south.
leveraged the toxic financial products resulting in a sovereign debt crisis which required massive stimulus spending to counter. This increased EU debt loads between the start of 2008 and 2012: Greece 110% became 170%, Italy 100%, Ireland 70% became 100%, Spain 40% became 60% and Portugal 25% became 110%. This resulted in misery, rioting and increased political extremism.
China had to spend $500 billion stimulating its economy once ten million workers were laid off as a result of the 2008 crash.

All this benefited 50,000 to 100,000 people at the top of the financial services industry who became very wealthy is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. .

Ferguson concludes these results should dispel the fantasy that an unregulated financial industry inevitably channels capital to its best uses. And he notes it was just the latest of a

series including: LTCM was Long-Term Capital Management, a hedge fund that used Black-Scholes quantitative models to trade in derivatives. The hedge fund's bets failed during the Asian and Russian debt crisis of 1998 and it had to be rescued by the Federal Reserve.
and the

The IPO of Netscape is defined as the key emergent event of the New Economy by Michael Mandel. Following the summary of Mandel's key points the complex adaptive system (CAS) aspects are highlighted.

Internet bubble. Then he looks at the details to show the inherent issues:

Rollover Roulette - After deregulation began investment banks started to shift their financing from long to short term because they could borrow short term debt much more cheaply. But Ferguson notes that is much more risky since any liquidity freeze would happen much more rapidly. And they increased the amount, leverage and shortness with time. By 2007 there was $1.7 trillion of debt that turned over daily. Additionally they used mark-to-market accounting in the boom to boost estimated income and bonus payments, until the assets value collapsed. And while short term debt was secured with collateral posted by the banks these safe assets shifted from being Treasury is the department of the treasury. It is a federal government executive department created by Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet officer. With monetary policy devolved to the Federal Reserve, treasury manages fiscal policy. To support funding of high cost investments: Disaster recovery, Wars, Famines; the treasury can issue debt instruments and manage the national debt.
bonds to mortgage debt over this
Carlo Rovelli resolves the paradox of time.
Rovelli initially explains that low level physics does not include time:
- A present that is common throughout the universe does not exist
- Events are only partially ordered. The present is localized
- The difference between past and future is not foundational. It occurs because of state that through our blurring appears particular to us
- Time passes at different speeds dependent on where we are and how fast we travel
- Time's rhythms are due to the gravitational field
- Our quantized physics shows neither space nor time, just processes transforming physical variables.
- Fundamentally there is no time. The basic equations evolve together with events, not things
Then he explains how in a physical world without time its perception can emerge:
- Our familiar time emerges
time
period. During the fall of 2008 the short term debt markets froze up to escape the obvious bubble. As the investment banks struggled to rollover their debt, the money market funds also froze. The Federal government had to guarantee the money market funds to limit the cascade.
Extreme leverage - was used to increase profits once it was allowed by deregulation:

Repeal of Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business.
allowed financial conglomerates access to deposits to support trading and buying.
2004 replacement of rigid numerical leverage constraints by bank estimates resulted in a 50% increase in leverage.
FASB is the Financial Accounting Standards Board. It is a private organization designated to establish financial accounting and reporting standards.
and banking regulators allowed banks to use SPE is a special purpose entity. In Europe or India it is termed an SPV.
s, SIV is a structured investment vehicle. It is a non-bank established to support a credit spread between longer-term assets: CDOs, ABSs; within its portfolio and short term liabilities that are issued with high leverage. SIVs provide a linkage between the regulated banking system and hedge funds, private equity and other unregulated entities.
s etc. to transfer assets from their books to these mini banks. But if the products associated with these mini-banks failed the investment banks had to buy the assets back.

Structural concentration - integration ensured the financial services giants were too big to fail.
Tight coupling - was induced by information technology integrating financial operations across global markets. Regulated banks and unregulated shadow banks were thus linked together with insurance reduces volatility in standard of living by compensating for losses of income during periods of unemployment, for catastrophic losses from disaster, or death of a family income earner as described by Gordon. Insurance companies must set aside reserves to handle such claims. Britain initially required that insurance buyers also have an insurable interest. That is required in insurance markets to ensure buyers of insurance don't destroy their asset just to obtain the insurance. Health insurance is treated separately being unusual, since the subscriber is likely to know more about their state of health than the insurer is and the subscriber is more likely to purchase the health insurance when aware of their increased risk. This behavior collapses the risk pool by: forcing the insurer to increase the premiums, and encouraging healthy individuals to opt out of health insurance coverage. companies and mutual firms. This undermined the risk management strategies deployed by the banks.
Toxic incentives - Ferguson is disappointed that Hank Paulson and Tim Geithner did not constrain the incentive system as a condition of handing over $250 billion to save the financial system, instead of teaching the bankers it was OK to take risks.

Ferguson explains how modern financial services are parasitic is a long term relationship between the parasite and its host where the resources of the host are utilized by the parasite without reciprocity. Often parasites include schematic adaptations allowing the parasite to use the hosts modeling and control systems to divert resources to them or improve their chance of reproduction: Toxoplasma gondii. :

Portfolio management - Low cost indexed portfolios typically outperform actively managed assets. Until recently most pension plans and endowments used active management to invest their funds.
High-Frequency trading - Ferguson describes James Simons's Renaissance Technologies strategies as a small tax on use of the stock market with no social benefit or economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
utility. Simon's success has made him very wealthy is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. so other large traders are using the strategy making this approach the majority of trading volume.
Obscuring debt - Ferguson uses the example of Goldman Sachs's Greek currency swaps which obscured debt from Greece's books and generated fees for Goldman.
Tax avoidance - Ferguson objects to how: Weakened enforcement, Tax and legal loopholes, Increasing inequality; have focused attorneys and financial advisors on tax avoidance. The effect has been for the 400 wealthiest US families to pay far less tax.
Private equity is the pooling of commitments from fund investors, to: buy assets that are not publicly traded: companies, real estate, and debt; improve their acquisition's value and sell them again, returning the sale cash to the fund investors. Private equity companies gain competitive advantage from being lightly regulated, and wealth from the fees and special tax privileges. Private equity companies were initially corporate raiders.
industry - Ferguson notes that private equity incomes are astronomical. And he sees much of the industry's success coming from hidden government subsidies and tax loopholes, citing the example of CEO Mitt Romney's Bain Capital.

The ivory tower

Ferguson describes the alignment of academia with the US financial network. While he notes that:

'Randomized' clinical trials of drugs when sponsored by pharmaceutical companies, have been found 3.6 times more likely to produce a positive result, and that
Physicians who had financial interests in diagnostic imaging centers were 4.5 times more likely to refer patients to such services; he is far more disappointed by the highly conflicted direction of the economics is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
, business, law, political science and public policy schools.

Ferguson provides a breakdown of this highly influential network. A network that he argues is incented to influence legislation, public debate, regulation, prosecution, class-action lawsuits, antitrust judgments and taxes to the benefit of their sponsors. The network includes:

Academic regulatory consulting firms: Berkeley Research Group leverages Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Analysis Group leverages: Harvard's economics chair John Campbell, MIT is Massachusetts Institute of Technology. health care economist Jonathan Gruber, Columbia business school dean Glenn Hubbard; Brattle Group, Criterion, Compass Lexecon and Charles River Associates.
The Money People: Columbia's Glen Hubbard who co-authored 'How Capital Markets Enhance Economic Performance and Facilitate Job Creation' and lobbies for reduced taxes, Larry Summers who Ferguson argues was brilliant and an unapologetic champion of financial deregulation, Fredric Mishkin who Ferguson criticizes for misleading reports about Icelandic Banks, Richard Portes who Ferguson criticizes for misleading reports about Icelandic Banks, Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Martin Feldstein, Hal Scott, John Campbell; who are associated with academic, legal, regulatory, and policy consulting firms.
Academic administrators and university presidents with major involvement with financial services firms: Brown University president Ruth Simmons, Columbia University's Barnard College president Debora Spar, Smith College's president Carl Christ, MIT is Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President Susan Hockfield.

This cluster of people controls the incentives (scientific papers) and reputations of the network of academics. Ferguson argues that going against these influencers' [& their sponsors'] positions will limit: Advancement, Grants, Access to primary journals, Positions at think tanks etc. Not surprisingly he suggests young academics focus their research and its conclusions to limit these constraints. This has widely skewed academic positions regarding: Executive pay, Conflict-of-interest, Industrial organization, The Financial crisis, Antitrust analysis; (Dec 2016)

America as a rigged game

In 2000 the US is the United States of America. stood pre-eminent with no significant competitors, a peace dividend and low unemployment. But, Ferguson argues that over the last 30 years of Democratic and Republican administrations the US political-economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.
system has lost its way. The dominant trend is severely negative with declining: Economic competitiveness,

Matt Taibbi describes the phenotypic alignment of the American justice system. The result he explains relentlessly grinds the poor and undocumented into resources to be constrained, consumed and ejected. Even as it supports and aligns the financial infrastructure into a potent weapon capable of targeting any company or nation to extract profits and leave the victim deflated.

Taibbi uses five scenarios to provide a broad picture of the: activities, crimes, policing, prosecutions, court processes, prisons and deportation network. The scenarios are: Undocumented people's neighborhoods, Poor neighborhoods, Welfare recipients, Credit card debtors and Financial institutions.

Following our summary of his arguments, RSS comments on them framed by complex adaptive system (CAS) theory. The alignment of the justice system reflects a set of long term strategies and responses to a powerful global arms race that the US leadership intends to win.

Basic fairness,

Iteratively learns how to teach: Starting with Nadia, Leveraging short videos focused on content, Converging on mastery, With the help of neuroscience, and filling in dependent gaps; resulting in a different approach to the mainstream method.
Assesses the broken US education system: Set in its ways, Designed for the 1800s, Inducing holes that are hidden by tests, Tests which ignore creativity. The resulting teaching process is so inefficient it needs to be supplemented with homework. Instead teachers were encouraging their pupils to use his tools at home so they could mentor them while they attended school, an inversion that significantly improves the economics.
Enters the real world: Builds a scalable service, Working with a real classroom, Trying stealth learning, At Khan Academy full time, In the curriculum at Los Altos, Supporting life-long learning.
Develops The One World Schoolhouse: Back to the future with a one room school, a robust teaching team, and creativity enabled; so with some catalysis even the poorest can become educated and earn credentials for current jobs.
Wishes he could also correct: Summer holidays, Transcript based assessments, College education;
Concludes it is now possible to provide the infrastructure for creativity to emerge and to support risk taking.

Education, Politics; and concentration of power in: Financial services, Energy, Telecommunications, Media, Retailing, Agribusiness and food; with no increase in efficiency. Small numbers of households have gained most of America's financial wealth is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. .

Ferguson suggests these trends have resulted in the US being controlled by an amoral oligarchy that has progressively corrupted the Federal government and the political system. Better and better for the super-rich. For the bottom hundred million people the situation is not nice.

Ferguson laments America's deterioration is now systemic and structural. He sees both political parties focused on the wealthy few. He notes the Obama administration adopted the same personnel and policies used by the Bush and Clinton administrations ensuring protection and privileges for the financial sector, while ignoring the plight of the Americans whose mortgages are still under water. In consequence nothing has been done about addressing the long-term decline.

Ferguson assumes America still has an open democratic society and change is still possible when the majority decide they have had enough. He can't believe that the 50,000 people in the financial and political elite can hold the majority in check. However he notes there are two difficult hurdles:

Ferguson presents a model of national decline - a small company or nation develops a superior capability and becomes enormously successful defeating all rivals. But then it begins to decay from within and collapses or is defeated by an aggressive new competitor. He sees corruption as a complacent response to internal threats. Complacency built from global dominance after world war II. And corruption that feeds on its self. Ferguson compares General Motors and Toyota in 1984 to illustrate the effects, but he notes the Japanese were twice as productive in many industries: Steel, Computers. He suggests other countries financed new entries into these industries stimulating innovation is the economic realization of invention and combinatorial exaptation. Keynes noted it provided the unquantifiable beneficial possibility that limits fear of uncertainty. Innovation operates across all CAS, being supported by genetic and cultural means. Creativity provides the mutation and recombination genetic operators for the cultural process. While highly innovative, monopolies: AT&T, IBM; usually have limited economic reach, constraining productivity. This explains the use of regulation, or even its threat, that can check their power and drive the creations across the economy.
.

Ferguson notes that the rise of China, India and other Asian nations offered American industry the option to outsource jobs and cost. He argues that should have caused the US to improve

Iteratively learns how to teach: Starting with Nadia, Leveraging short videos focused on content, Converging on mastery, With the help of neuroscience, and filling in dependent gaps; resulting in a different approach to the mainstream method.
Assesses the broken US education system: Set in its ways, Designed for the 1800s, Inducing holes that are hidden by tests, Tests which ignore creativity. The resulting teaching process is so inefficient it needs to be supplemented with homework. Instead teachers were encouraging their pupils to use his tools at home so they could mentor them while they attended school, an inversion that significantly improves the economics.
Enters the real world: Builds a scalable service, Working with a real classroom, Trying stealth learning, At Khan Academy full time, In the curriculum at Los Altos, Supporting life-long learning.
Develops The One World Schoolhouse: Back to the future with a one room school, a robust teaching team, and creativity enabled; so with some catalysis even the poorest can become educated and earn credentials for current jobs.
Wishes he could also correct: Summer holidays, Transcript based assessments, College education;
Concludes it is now possible to provide the infrastructure for creativity to emerge and to support risk taking.

education and skills within its work force but the reverse occurred. Ferguson argues that this failure to respond was due to a lack of changes required in the US government. He asserts this is due to corruption of government being a cheaper and easier way for companies to protect and enhance their markets.

He laments that the Obama administration exemplified the problematic situation. Not one reformer: Simon Johnson, Nouriel Roubini, Paul Krugman, Sheila Bair, Joseph Stiglitz, Jeffrey Sachs, Robert Gnaizda, Brooksley Born, Senator Carl Levin; got a significant position. Obama went with Larry Summers, Gene Sperling, Tim Geithner, Mark Patterson from Goldman Sachs, Gary Gensler from Goldman Sachs, Mary Shapiro, Ben Bernanke, Eric Holder & Lanny Breuer from Covington, Michael Froman & Jacob Lew from Citigroup, Thomas Nides of Morgan Stanley etc. The Obama administration resisted: reform of corporate governance, breaking up of the largest banks, closing legal loopholes; and when reform of financial services finally arrived, Ferguson asserts, it was the weak and hugely complicated Dodd-Frank is the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Its titles include:

Financial Stability creates the FSOC and OFR.
Orderly Liquidation Authority

Section 619 is the Volcker Rule: prohibitions on proprietary trading and certain relationships.

Transfer of Powers to the Comptroller, the FDIC, and the Fed
Regulation of Advisers to Hedge Funds and Others - which updated the powers of the Investment Company Act.
Insurance
Improvements to Regulation
Wall Street Transparency and Accountability
Payment, Clearing and Settlement Supervision
Investor Protections and Improvements to the Regulation of Securities
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
Federal Reserve System Provisions
Improving Access to Mainstream Financial Institutions
Pay It Back Act
Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act
Miscellaneous Provisions
Section 1256 Contracts

bill. And the Obama justice department showed

no interest in prosecuting banks or bankers.

Ferguson explains that the:

Earlier 'Liberal' Democratic party had changed its funding sources from unions, working families and the poor to the 'new' Democrat's leverage of Wall Street.
Democrats and Republicans compete for funding from the wealthy is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. so they ensure to fight about social and values issues and leave jobs and finance well alone. Ferguson asserts the strategy is designed to distract the majority of voters from issues of inequality.
High Technology has decided to adjust to the system rather than reform it. They are happy to outsource jobs.

Ferguson concludes that America is developing a 'caste' system where the circumstances of one's birth determine life outcomes. He argues that improving educational opportunities and achievement could turn this around but public school finance being based on local property taxes constrains any response. Inequality is amplified by the education funding mechanism.

He laments that the incentives and corruption in the system are self-reinforcing.

What should be done?

Ferguson lists his reform proposals:

Improving educational opportunity and quality
Bring the financial sector under control
Control the impact of money on US politics
Reform the individual and corporate tax structures
Strengthen antitrust and regulatory infrastructure
Create a universally accessible, high speed broadband Internet.

Ferguson sees a future where American elites fight to retain their power but mass frustration and a major crisis will undermine them. He judges Europe as unstable and fragmented. But he concedes that frustration has so far led to the rise of Michele Bachman, Rick Perry, Ron Paul, Herman Cain, Newt Gingrich, and Sarah Palin. He concedes in 2012 that President Obama appears the least troubling of the candidates for President. He hopes that somewhere in the US is the United States of America. is a courageous young leader now aims to develop plans and strategies which ensure effective coordination to improve the common good of the in-group. Pinker notes the evolved pressure of social rivalry associating power with leadership. Saposky observes the disconnect between power hierarchies and wisdom in apes. John Adair developed a modern leadership methodology based on the three-circles model.
in the making, someone who can persuade the American people to rise up and throw the rascals out.

CAS theory views the US nation state as a CAS. Ferguson argues parasites have taken control of this system. Parasitism is a long term relationship between the parasite and its host where the resources of the host are utilized by the parasite without reciprocity. Often parasites include schematic adaptations allowing the parasite to use the hosts modeling and control systems to divert resources to them or improve their chance of reproduction: Toxoplasma gondii. is a general problem in CAS. When infected systems persist, competition and internal responses will have limited and stabilized the level of such activity to be bearable by the system. But the transitions Ferguson describes are too recent to ensure stability. America could:

CAS

This page reviews the implications of reproduction initially generating a single initialized child cell. For multi-cellular organisms this 'cell' must contain all the germ-line schematic structures including for organelles and multi-generational epi-genetic state. Any microbiome is subsequently integrated during the innovative deployment of this creative event. Organisms with skeletal infrastructure cannot complete the process of creation of an associated adult mind, until the proximate environment has been sampled during development. The mechanism and resulting strategic options are discussed.

organisms utilize a development is a phase during the operation of a CAS agent. It allows for schematic strategies to be iteratively blended with environmental signals to solve the logistical issues of migrating newly built and transformed sub-agents. That is needed to achieve the adult configuration of the agent and optimize it for the proximate environment. Smiley includes examples of the developmental phase agents required in an emergent CAS. In situations where parents invest in the growth and memetic learning of their offspring the schematic grab bag can support optimizations to develop models, structures and actions to construct an adept adult. In humans, adolescence leverages neural plasticity, elder sibling advice and adult coaching to help prepare the deploying neuronal network and body to successfully compete.
phase to align the genetically defined system with the proximate environment. The US financial network leverages wealth is schematically useful information and its equivalent, schematically useful energy, to paraphrase Beinhocker. It is useful because an agent has schematic strategies that can utilize the information or energy to extend or leverage control of the cognitive niche. , in a flexible process that aligns the current legal

Plans emerge in complex adaptive systems (CAS) to provide the instructions that agents use to perform actions. The component architecture and structure of the plans is reviewed.

schematic framework with the global environment. Private equity is the pooling of commitments from fund investors, to: buy assets that are not publicly traded: companies, real estate, and debt; improve their acquisition's value and sell them again, returning the sale cash to the fund investors. Private equity companies gain competitive advantage from being lightly regulated, and wealth from the fees and special tax privileges. Private equity companies were initially corporate raiders.
(Jun 1016, Dec 2016, Dec 2017, Oct 2018), hedge funds is an investment fund that accepts investments from a limited number of accredited individual or institutional investors. Hedge funds are able to use investment methods that are not allowed for other types of fund.
and VC is venture capital, venture companies invest in startups with intangable assets
s can dynamically extend the strategic constraints framed by the legislators.

CAS require significant regulation to operate effectively. They are

Plans emerge in complex adaptive systems (CAS) to provide the instructions that agents use to perform actions. The component architecture and structure of the plans is reviewed.

specified memetically and always apply

constraints to the memetic and phenotypic is the system that results from the controlled expression of the genes. It is typically represented by a prokaryotic cell or the body of a multi-cell animal or plant. The point is that the genes provide the control surface and the abstract recipe that has been used to generate the cell. processes. It should be no surprise that removing the regulatory constraints causes dramatic amplification effects including damaging positive feedback.

By Jun 2017 financial regulators were seeing indications that they needed to increase protections, but were responding to political pressure to relax the regulations setup after 2008. (Dec 2017)

Ferguson argues that American ascendency was waning by the 1980s. Certainly the operation of the global

This page discusses the effect of the network on the agents participating in a complex adaptive system (CAS). Small world and scale free networks are considered.

economic network was allowing the

This page reviews Christensen's disruption of a complex adaptive system (CAS). The mechanism is discussed with examples from biology and business.

disruption of American economic is the study of trade between humans. Traditional Economics is based on an equilibrium model of the economic system. Traditional Economics includes: microeconomics, and macroeconomics. Marx developed an alternative static approach. Limitations of the equilibrium model have resulted in the development of: Keynes's dynamic General Theory of Employment Interest & Money, and Complexity Economics. Since trading depends on human behavior, economics has developed behavioral models including: behavioral economics.

Plans are interpreted and implemented by agents. This page discusses the properties of agents in a complex adaptive system (CAS).
It then presents examples of agents in different CAS. The examples include a computer program where modeling and actions are performed by software agents. These software agents are aggregates.
The participation of agents in flows is introduced and some implications of this are outlined.

agents by Japanese and Europeans. But President Carter's appointment of Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve ensured the execution of the Warwick Lecture detailed Paul Volcker's strategies for sustaining the US centric post Second World War economic network, once the US became a deficit generator & Bretton Woods could not be sustained. Volcker's goal was to enable the US to use other country's surpluses to support the network's operation under US control, in place of the disappearing US dollar surplus. The strategies included:

Push American interest rates up much higher than those of other linked economies, attracting global free capital to the US dollar.
Ensure that Wall Street offered a more lucrative market for investors than London, Frankfurt, Tokyo, or Paris.
Support US business that was impacted by this costly high interest rate environment by supporting the reduction of wage costs. Once Volcker became chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1979, he executed the strategies.

's strategies. And President Reagan responded effectively to the immediate threat with the Plaza accord, replacing Japanese sub-network based supplies with far less competitive Chinese ones. Over

Carlo Rovelli resolves the paradox of time.
Rovelli initially explains that low level physics does not include time:

A present that is common throughout the universe does not exist
Events are only partially ordered. The present is localized
The difference between past and future is not foundational. It occurs because of state that through our blurring appears particular to us
Time passes at different speeds dependent on where we are and how fast we travel
Time's rhythms are due to the gravitational field
Our quantized physics shows neither space nor time, just processes transforming physical variables.
Fundamentally there is no time. The basic equations evolve together with events, not things

Then he explains how in a physical world without time its perception can emerge:

Our familiar time emerges

Our interaction with the world is partial, blurred, quantum indeterminate
The ignorance determines the existence of thermal time and entropy that quantifies our uncertainty
Directionality of time is real but perspectival. The entropy of the world in relation to us increases with our thermal time. The growth of entropy distinguishes past from future: resulting in traces and memories
Each human is a unified being because: we reflect the world, we formed an image of a unified entity by interacting with our kind, and because of the perspective of memory
The variable time: is one of the variables of the gravitational field. With our scale we don't register quantum fluctuations, making space-time appear determined. At our speed we don't perceive differences in time of different clocks, so we experience a single time: universal, uniform, ordered; which is helpful to our decisions

time this 'fix' helped China build its export economy is a human SuperOrganism complex adaptive system (CAS) which operates and controls trade flows within a rich niche. Economics models economies. Robert Gordon has described the evolution of the American economy. Like other CAS, economic flows are maintained far from equilibrium by: demand, financial flows and constraints, supply infrastructure constraints, political and military constraints; ensuring wealth, legislative control, legal contracts and power have significant leverage through evolved amplifiers.
so that by 2000 its network of agents was disrupting the US agents. George W. Bush attempted Reagan's solution, telling the Chinese to raise the value of their currency. But China is a nuclear armed nation which refused to submit. Subsequently the derivative weapons the US trained on China backfired on the US mortgage network.
The disruptive amplifier restructured under President Reagan continued to disintermediate is the shift of operations from one network provider to another lower cost connected network provider. The first network provider leverages the cost benefits of the shift to increase its profitability but becomes disrupted. The lower cost network provider gains revenue flows, expertise and increases its active agents. Over time this disruptive shift will leave the higher cost network as a highly profitable shell, but the agents that performed the operations that migrated to the low cost network will be ejected from the network. For a company that may imply the costs of layoffs. For a state the ejected workers imply increased cost impacts and reduced revenue potential which the state are trading off for improved operating efficiency.
businesses which supported middle and working class jobs in the US. A politically expedient fix for this stress was found in the

housing amplifier that Reagan and President George W. Bush both leveraged. It substituted housing capital is the sum total nonhuman assets that can be owned and exchanged on some market according to Piketty. Capital includes: real property, financial capital and professional capital. It is not immutable instead depending on the state of the society within which it exists. It can be owned by governments (public capital) and private individuals (private capital). growth for stagnating wages. For a time the ploy worked politically.

Ferguson is critical of the management of US firms. Christensen's analysis of

This page reviews Christensen's disruption of a complex adaptive system (CAS). The mechanism is discussed with examples from biology and business.

disruption shows that it is a system property that will affect companies with great management.

Ferguson makes clear that the core issue with junk bond catalyzed financing was the lack of regulation, including constraints on incentives. But to RSS is Rob's Strategy Studio other details are also key:

As Ferguson stresses, the Clinton Administration was philosophically New Democrat. Hence it brought together the Southern Democrat views of the US nation with leverage of information technology, Globalization and Wall Street funding. RSS suggests the administration learned a lesson from President Reagan's plunge protection team: Financial services

provide powerful weapons in the competition with other nations. The administration could partner with Wall Street to capture the resources of other nations while weakening them.

Ferguson describes a simple life cycle of a nation state. RSS views the

Peter Turchin describes how major pre-industrial empires developed due to effects of geographic boundaries constraining the empires and their neighbors' interactions. Turchin shows how the asymmetries of breeding rates and resource growth rates results in dynamic cycles within cycles. After the summary of Turchin's book complex adaptive system (CAS) theory is used to augment Turchins findings.

cliodynamic model as more predictive. Each new Federal administration brings a new 'generation' of experiences which often means that awareness of prior traps is forgotten over three generations and so mistakes are repeated. After LBJ is President Lyndon Baines Johnson. lost the South to the Democratic Party it was likely that electoral defeat would embolden external members of the former Democratic political elite to fight their way into power. When the 'New Democrats' captured control of the central democratic party processes for developing a presidential campaign they cleared the way for a new set of 'southern' memes expressed through, then Arkansas governor, Bill Clinton.

President Clinton responded to the collapse of the Soviet Union by reducing the funding for the military-industrial complex. At a deeper level, Democrats and Republicans could redirect agency from combating major external threats to fighting internal ones. To RSS this process is analogous to the collapse of external threats to the Roman Republic, which enabled the warrior aristocracy to focus inwards, transforming the republic into the Roman Empire, as described by Mary Beard.

Ferguson notes academics supporting the corruption of the state. His focus is on academic links to the financial network, but public health is the proactive planning, coordination and execution of strategies to improve and safeguard the wellbeing of the public. Its global situation is discussed in The Great Escape by Deaton. Public health in the US is coordinated by the PHS federally but is mainly executed at the state and local levels. Public health includes:

Awareness campaigns about health threatening activities including: Smoking, Over-eating, Alcohol consumption, Contamination with poisons: lead; Joint damage from over-exercise;
Research, monitoring and control of: disease agents, reservoir and amplifier hosts, spillover and other processes, and vectors; by agencies including the CDC.
Monitoring of the public's health by institutes including the NIH. This includes screening for cancer & heart disease.
Development, deployment and maintenance of infrastructure including: sewers, water plants and pipes.
Development, deployment and maintenance of vaccination strategies.
Development, deployment and maintenance of fluoridation.
Development, deployment and maintenance of family planning services.
Regulation and constraint of foods, drugs and devices by agencies including the FDA.

is also of value if it down plays the problems and costs of goods and services including: processed foods, beverages, alcohol, and cigarettes.

Ferguson proposes goals that will turn back the parasitism is a long term relationship between the parasite and its host where the resources of the host are utilized by the parasite without reciprocity. Often parasites include schematic adaptations allowing the parasite to use the hosts modeling and control systems to divert resources to them or improve their chance of reproduction: Toxoplasma gondii. he describes. Catalytic, an infrastructure amplifier.
methods to improve educational opportunity have been

Iteratively learns how to teach: Starting with Nadia, Leveraging short videos focused on content, Converging on mastery, With the help of neuroscience, and filling in dependent gaps; resulting in a different approach to the mainstream method.
Assesses the broken US education system: Set in its ways, Designed for the 1800s, Inducing holes that are hidden by tests, Tests which ignore creativity. The resulting teaching process is so inefficient it needs to be supplemented with homework. Instead teachers were encouraging their pupils to use his tools at home so they could mentor them while they attended school, an inversion that significantly improves the economics.
Enters the real world: Builds a scalable service, Working with a real classroom, Trying stealth learning, At Khan Academy full time, In the curriculum at Los Altos, Supporting life-long learning.
Develops The One World Schoolhouse: Back to the future with a one room school, a robust teaching team, and creativity enabled; so with some catalysis even the poorest can become educated and earn credentials for current jobs.
Wishes he could also correct: Summer holidays, Transcript based assessments, College education;
Concludes it is now possible to provide the infrastructure for creativity to emerge and to support risk taking.

demonstrated by Sal Khan.

Charles Ferguson's Predator Nation describes the alignment of the major US political parties with Wall Street. This alignment has supported the development of a powerful financial services industry. The resulting inequality and corruption are highlighted in his insightful but disturbing book.

.
Market Centric Workshops

Politics, Economics & Evolutionary Psychology

Business Physics
Nature and nurture drive the business eco-system
Human nature
Emerging structure and dynamic forces of adaptation

integrating quality appropriate for each market

This page looks at schematic structures and their uses. It discusses a number of examples:

Schematic ideas are recombined in creativity.
Similarly designers take ideas and rules about materials and components and combine them.
Schematic Recipes help to standardize operations.
Modular components are combined into strategies for use in business plans and business models.

As a working example it presents part of the contents and schematic details from the Adaptive Web Framework (AWF)'s operational plan.

Finally it includes a section presenting our formal representation of schematic goals.
Each goal has a series of associated complex adaptive system (CAS) strategy strings.
These goals plus strings are detailed for various chess and business examples.

Strategy | Design |

This page uses an example to illustrate how:

A business can gain focus from targeting key customers,
Business planning activities performed by the whole organization can build awareness, empowerment and coherence.
A program approach can ensure strategic alignment.

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